INDEX
Abidjan Peace Accord, 69–70
accidents (friendly fire), 83–84, 102, 106
accountability, 31, 33–34, 41, 105, 158
Ackerly, Brooke, 157
Aegis Combat System, and Iran Air Flight 655, 104
Afghanistan: as asymmetrical challenge for United States, 80, 102, 122
HRW report on casualties in, 122
and interventionist declarations, 148
and jus post bellum, 176
and Taliban, 176
and UAVS in AfPak region, 102
African Union (AU), and Constitutive Act to protect, 56
Agamben, Giorgio, 158
AirLand Battle doctrine, 86
airstrikes, target discrimination and planning of, 122
al Qaeda, and territoriality, 102
ambiguity, and moral agency, 107–10
America. See United States
Anscombe, G. E. M., 135, 139–40
Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint
armies. See military roles
Arms to Africa scandal, 69
assassination, 104–11
asymmetrical risk-free warfare: and Just War tradition, 80–90, 92–93, 102, 105, 118–23
theoretical challenges to, 79–82, 93
AU (African Union), and Constitutive Act to protect, 56
Augustine, Saint, 19–20, 33–34, 168–69
Aune, Bruce, 135
Austin, John, 134
authority: political, 17–29
procedural, 18, 22–23. See also legitimacy / legitimate authority
Bacevich, Andrew J., 88
Bagnoli, Carla, 60n26
Baldwin, Thomas, 142
Battle of Omdurman, 90–91
Baumann, Zygmunt, 85–86
beautiful soul trope, 12, 148–56
Beck, Ulrich, 85
Bellamy, Alex J., 4, 18, 20, 25, 62–63
Bellum Civile/Bellum Romanum, and reciprocity principle, 91
Bennett, Jonathan, 140–41
Bentham, Jeremy, 134
bias, as epistemic, 7, 17–21, 24
Bin Laden, Osama, 102, 112–13n21, 120
bombers, 89–90, 132–33, 140–41
Bosnia casualties, 84t
Boyle, Joseph, 137–38
Branch Energy, and EO, 68–69
British Imperial Army, 90
Brown, Christopher, 4
Burma conflict, 175
Bush, George H. W., 87
Bush, George W., 54–55, 121, 148, 169
Bush Doctrine, and Just War tradition, 2, 20
Canada, on human security, 31
casualties: attitude toward, in Vietnam war, 79
in Battle of Omdurman, 90
correlation of planning and noncombatant, 122
and Doctrine of Double Effect, 117
U.S. military (1861–2011), 83–84, 84t
casualty aversion, and rethinking Just War tradition, 3, 9–10, 79–80, 83, 86–87
Catholic Church, 3, 19–21, 130
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 83, 105, 169
Chan, David K., 141
Chisholm, Roderick, 135–36
Christianity, and development of Just War theory, 168
Christian theology, on legitimate authority, 19
Churchill, Winston S., 90
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 83, 105, 169
civilian contractors. See private military companies (PMCS)
civilians: and beautiful soul trope, 148–56
and ethics of just war theorizing, 156–59
gendered victimization of, 151–53. See also noncombatants
Clarke, Victoria, 113n21
Clausewitz, Carl von, 65, 151, 156
closeness, and DDE, 139–41
COIN (counterinsurgency field manual), 40
Cold War, as deterrence strategy, 36, 119–21
collateral damage, 105–6, 109–10, 117, 123
colonialism, 19–20, 35, 90–91, 157
communication, and cross-cultural competency, 42
community living, 23, 26, 41–42
conflict management, 42, 168–69
Constantine, and Christian Just War tradition, 168
Conventional Prompt Global Strike (CPGS), 115–16, 118–23, 127
cosmopolitanism, and R2P, 53
counterinsurgency field manual (COIN), 40, 92–93
Counter-Terrorist Center, 105
CPGS (Conventional Prompt Global Strike), 115–16, 118–23, 127
crimes against humanity, 41, 56. See also war crimes
cross-cultural competencies, 41–42
Darfur crisis, and AU intervention, 56
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), 121
Davidson, Donald, 135
decision making, 104–5, 124–25, 155–56
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 121
democracy/democratic states, 4, 18, 20, 26
democratic peace, and human security, 31
deprivation, and R2P, 52
Der Derian, James, 89
Desert Shield, as casualty averse, 79
Desert Storm, as casualty averse, 79, 84t, 87
deterrence concept, 36, 118–21
Devine, Philip E., 140
diplomacy, as Cold War strategy, 36
discrimination principle: and CPGS, 115–16, 118–23
and jus in bello, 116–18
Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE): and diagram of standard reasoning, 132
and harm as means to good, 141, 143
and I/F distinction, 131–33, 136–42
and noncombatant casualties, 102, 117, 131–33 (see also intent)
Pauline foundation of, 141
Doe, Samuel, 68
drones, 89, 103. See also unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVS)
weapons/weapons systems
duality, of authority and legitimacy, 18–21
Duff, Antony, 136–37
Duff, R. A., 138–39
duty to protect, 48–50, 52–58. See also Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine
ECOMOG (Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group), 69
Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), 69
education of military, 40–41
EIR (Ethics and International Relations), and DDE, 12, 131
Eldredge, Niles, 167–68
Elshtain, Jean Bethke, 2–4
Enlightenment era, and social contract, 33
environmental security, 33
EO (Executive Outcomes), 63–64, 67–73
ethical conduct: and civilian/combatant dichotomy, 156–59
as high bar for security sector agencies, 37–38
and jus ad bellum principle, 177
and jus post bellum restraints, 176–77
as new knowledge for military members, 41
and nuclear retaliation, 119–20
and prudential criteria, 62–63
theoretical roots of, 33–34
and UAVS, 98–99
and witness accounts, 158
Ethics and International Relations (EIR), and DDE, 12, 131
European Security Strategy, 39
European Union (EU), on human security, 31, 39–40
Executive Outcomes (EO), 63–64, 67–73
feminism, and reconstruction of Just War theorizing, 17, 149, 151–52, 154–55
Finland, 36
food security, 33
Foot, Philippa, 139–40
foreign language skills, as expectation for military education, 40
Forrestal, James, 170
freedom, notions of, 26, 32–33, 45, 52
Fricker, Miranda, 18, 21–22, 26
friendly fire, 83–84, 102, 106
Gaddafi, Muammar, 24
gender: and intentional civilian victimization, 151–52
and noncombatant immunity, 149–50, 152–53
Geneva Conventions: and Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, 174
and humanitarian law, 80–82, 91–92, 172
and 1977 expansion of legitimate authority, 19, 24
genocide, 24, 51, 55–56, 71, 167
Genocide Convention, 175
Giddens, Anthony, 85
Global War on Terrorism, 10, 20, 98, 108–11, 120–21, 126, 177. See also warfare
Gould, Stephen Jay, 168
Gray, Chris H., 79
Greek warriors, as heroic, 88
Grew, Joseph C., 170
Gross, Michael, 4
Hanson, Victor D., 88–89
Hauerwas, Stanley, 2
health security, 33
Herring, George, 87
Herz, John H., 99–100, 102–3, 109
Holy Roman Empire, 19
hostile intent, 122
HRW (Human Rights Watch), 122
humanitarian intervention: assigning obligation to, 53–57
in Cicero’s On Duties, 49
and individual soldiers, 61n46
as morally obligatory, 48, 50–53, 57–58
humanity: and Bellum Civile/Bellum Romanum, 91
postmodern context of, 104
human rights: and duty to protect, 8, 33, 48–49, 51–52
and jus post bellum principles, 172–74, 177–78
Just War tradition of, 171
protection of, as moral duty, 57
subordinated in wartime, 172–73
and UN Charter, 174–75
Human Rights Watch (HRW), 122
human security, 31–34, 39, 43, 177. See also security
Human Security Response Force, 39
Human Terrain System (U.S.), 40
ICC (International Criminal Court), 32
ICISS (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty), 32–33, 48, 52
identity power, as subspecies of social power, 22–24
ideology, as secular religion, 85–86
I/F (intention/foresight) distinction, 131–33, 136–43, 146n60
IHL (International Humanitarian Law), 80–82, 91–92. See also Geneva Conventions
immunity principle, 9, 12, 98, 116–17, 149–50, 152–57, 159
income security, 33
India, peacekeeping role of, 36
Indochina (Vietnam) War, 79, 82–90, 84t
injustice, 21–26
institutionalization, and duty to protect, 55–58
intent: and DDE, 133–38
direct versus oblique, 134–38
governing principles of, 135–36
hostile, 122
moral significance of, 138–42
philosophical views of, 133–38
vis-à-vis desiring, 141
intention/foresight (I/F) distinction, 131–33, 136–43, 146n60
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), 32–33, 48, 52
international community, and human security paradigm, 31, 34
International Court of Justice, and nuclear weapons debate, 118–19
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 172
International Criminal Court (ICC), 32
International Humanitarian Law (IHL), 80–82, 91–92. See also Geneva Conventions
International Relations (IR), 12, 21–22, 24–26, 131
intervention. See humanitarian intervention military intervention
IR (International Relations), 12, 21–22, 24–26, 131
Iran, threat-assessment for airstrikes against, 123
Iran Air Flight 655, 104
Iraq War, 23, 80, 84t, 169, 173, 176
Isaacs, Arnold R., 85
Islam, radical, and Western democracies, 20
Japan, on human security, 31
Johnson, James Turner, 65
jus ad bellum principle: and assessment of adversary’s strengths, 63, 71–73
and dual nature of authority/legitimacy, 18–21
and human security paradigm, 31
and moral agency, 98–99
and performance of protection, 150–51
and reasonable chance of success criterion, 62, 64–66, 71–73
and territoriality, 98–99
and transition to jus post bellum, 169
jus in bello principle: and challenge of risk-free warfare, 79–97
and DDE, 133
and discrimination principle, 115–18
and experience-based theorizing, 158
and moral agency, 98–99
and PMCS, 72
and proportionality principle, 115–18
and relational subjects, 157–58
and territoriality, 98–99
jus post bellum principle: critique of, 174–77
definition and defense of, 170–73
development of, 168–70
and intrastate/nonstate actors, 176
and just peace, 12
and Just War tradition, 177–78
and moral agency, 98–99
as post–Iraq War, 169
and territoriality, 98–99
transition to, from jus ad bellum, 169
and World War II rehabilitation, 175
Just and Unjust Wars (Walzer), 4, 167
just cause, 32, 63–66, 71, 152–53
justice, and human rights, 52, 173–75
just peace tradition, 169
just warrior tradition, 149–50
Just War theory/tradition: and aggressor-defender paradigm, 35
and Bellum Civile/Bellum Romanum, 91
and Catholic moral theology, 130
and changes in security sector, 30
and civilian immunity principle, 149–50, 152–56
as without civilians, 156–59
and conflation of sovereignty, 6
and DDE criteria, 131–33
development of, 167–69, 171–72
and epistemic injustice, 21
and gender hierarchy tradition, 153–55
and humanitarian intervention principles, 48
and human rights, 172
and human security, 33–34
and IHL, 80
and jus post bellum, 177–78
and killing in war, 80–90
marginalization of, 3–6, 72–73, 82–90
and moral agency, 49–50, 81, 98–99
and nuclear strategies, 118–23
peace as objective of, 172
as performative, 149
postmodern challenges to, 108–11
as predating Westphalian system, 73
and prudential principle, 62–63
and reasonable chance of success, 62–63, 71–72
and reciprocity threshold, 92–93
and relational subjects, 157–58
and right intention principle, 101–2
and rise of PMCS, 72–73
and technological superiority, 82–90
and territoriality, 98–99
three parts of, 171
universalization of, 91
U.S. paradox of, 91–92
and Western superiority, 4
Kaag, John, 107
Kaldor, Mary, 39
Kant, Immanuel, 140
Kaufman, Whitley, 107
Kenny, Anthony, 134
Killion, Thomas, 89
Kissinger, Henry, 79
Kitchener, Horatio, 90
Kosovo, 36–37, 51, 80–81, 83, 84t, 148
Law, Charles, 89
Laws of War, 80, 88, 91–92, 133
Leahy, William, 170
legitimacy / legitimate authority: defined, 18–19
dual nature of, 18–21
expansions of, 19–20
moral versus legal, 22–23
and nonstate actors, 17–29
as resting on righteousness and piety (Augustine), 20
as secular (Luther), 21
as sovereign (Augustine/Thomas Aquinas), 19–21
and territoriality, 99
Walzer’s view of, 20
liberal hermeneutic, critique of, 20
Liberia, U.S. special relationship with, 54–55
Liddell-Hart, B. H., 172
livelihood capacity, 42
local populations, 41
Lockean thought, and 1977 Additional Protocols, 24
London School of Economics, 39
Luther, Martin, 21
Luttwak, Edward N., 86
Mahdi Militia (Iraq), 108
Mandela, Nelson, 24
Manichean vision, and liberal hermeneutic, 20
Maritain, Jacques, 59n19
Maronite Christians, of Lebanon, 4
masculinity, and just warrior tradition, 149–50, 153–55
Mayer, Jane, 105
McCaffrey, Barry, 87
mercenary forces. See private military companies (PMCS)
military contractors. See private military companies (PMCS)
military education, and cross-cultural competence, 40–41
military intervention: and cross-cultural considerations, 42–43
as just response of last resort, 52
and R2P, 48
and sovereignty, 102
military organizations, 35–43
Miller, David, 53
mineral exploitation (mining), and PMC contracts, 68–69
moral agency: ambiguity of, 106–8
and asymmetrical warfare, 82–90
components of, 100–101
confounded in perpetual warfare, 104–11
and DDE Utilitarian-Absolutist split, 138–39
individual and collective, 101
and intention, 106–7
and Just War tradition, 98–102
postmodern challenges to, 108–11
and prudential criteria for jus ad bellum, 62–64
and responsibility, 142–43
moral legitimacy, 17–18, 21–22, 80
moral philosophy, on intentionality, 133–38
Morgenthau, Hans, 103
mutual risk, and reciprocity principle, 81
nationality, moral relevancy of, 53
National Patriotic Front of Liberia, 68
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), airstrike criteria for, 122
natural law, and legitimate authority, 19
netcentric warfare. See Vietnam War
New World, and intervention theories, 50
Nickel, James, 52
Nixon, Richard, 85
non-aggression, codified in international law, 19
non-aligned countries, as peacekeepers, 36
noncombatants: and asymmetrical warfare, 79, 81, 105, 118–23
and DDE, 130–33
and gender immunity, 149–50
HRW report on Afghanistan casualties, 122
and immunity principle, 12, 116–17
as intentional objects, 140–41
non-intervention, codified in international law, 19, 50–51
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), airstrike criteria for, 122
North Korea, 123
nuclear weapons, and jus in bello criteria, 10–11, 118–23
Nuremberg war crimes trials, 175
Nussbaum, Martha, 53
Obama, Barack, 51, 102, 105, 115–16, 121, 148
obligation to intervene. See humanitarian intervention
occupation, as intermediate phase of warfare, 169
oil exploration, by PMCS, 68
Okros, Al, 45–46n20
On Duties (Cicero), 49–50, 52–53, 56
O’Neill, Onora, 53–55
Operation Desert Storm, 79, 84t, 87
Operation Geronimo, 102
Orend, Brian, 171
Paul, Saint, and DDE, 141
peacekeeping, as role for non-aligned countries, 36
Peace of Westphalia, 21. See also Westphalian system
Peet, Jessica, 12
Persian armies, 88–89
personality/social pathology, as military education subjects, 41
personal security, 33
perspective taking, and cross-cultural competence, 42
Peterson, V. Spike, 153
philosophers of law, on intention, 134
Philosophically Sophisticated Terror Bomber (PSTB), 140–41
Plato, on legitimate authority, 17–19
PMCS. See private military companies (PMCS)
political authority, and epistemic bias, 17–29. See also legitimacy / legitimate authority
political violence, and hermeneutical injustice, 24–26
postcolonial era, and 1977 Protocol Additional Geneva Conventions, 19
posthuman warfare, and postmodern military, 89–90
postmodern America, and risk aversion, 86, 88
power concept, and assessment of adversary’s capabilities, 63, 71–72
private military companies (PMCS): and aftermath of contract work, 69
and assessment of power/success, 63–66, 70–73
development of market for, 66–68
Executive Outcomes (EO), 63–64, 67–68
as freelance contractors, 72–73
and reasonable chance of success, 8–9, 62–75
and related mining/mineral companies, 68–69
Sandline, 69–70
Singer’s typology of, 66–67
spear analogy of, 66–67
procedural authority: defined, 18
and moral credibility, 22–23. See also legitimacy / legitimate authority
Project on Defense Alternatives, 122
proportionality principle: and CPGS, 115–16, 122–23
and DDE, 131–33
and jus in bello, 116–18
Protocol Additional Geneva Conventions (1977), 19
prudential principle, as jus ad bellum criterion, 62–64
PSTB (Philosophically Sophisticated Terror Bomber), 140–41
Qaeda, al, and territoriality, 102
Quadrennial Defense Review (U.S.), 40, 89–90, 115–16, 121
Quinn, Warren S., 140–41
rape, as associated with male dishonor, 151–52
Reagan, Ronald, and countercontrol nuclear strategy, 120
reasonable chance of success criterion: continuous assessment of, 71–73
future of, and privatized conflicts, 69–73
as moral principle, 64
as prudential consideration, 64
and Sierra Leone, 70–73
reciprocity (mutual risk) principle: in age of colonialism/European empire, 91
and asymmetrical warfare, 80–82
post–Vietnam War, 82–90
relationship building, and cross-cultural competence, 42
religion, embedding of, in American psyche, 85–86
remote weapons. See unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVS)
weapons/weapons systems
responsibility, and intention, 134–35, 142–43
Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, 8
and allocation of duty to intervene, 53–57
and expansion of legitimate authority, 19
focus of, on prevention of crises, 58
and humanitarian intervention, 48
and human security, 31
limits to costs of, 56–57
and new vision of security, 32–33
and sovereignty, 6
Revolutionary United Front (RUF), and Sierra Leone’s civil war, 63, 66, 68–73
risk aversion: and asymmetrical warfare, 80–90, 92–93, 102, 105, 118–23
of European colonial powers, 90–92
of postmodern America, 86, 88–90
robots. See unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVS)
Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church Roosevelt, Franklin D., 170
R2P. See Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine
RUF (Revolutionary United Front), and Sierra
Leone’s civil war, 63, 66, 68–73
Rumsfeld, Donald, 173
Rwanda: civil war in, 55
genocide in, and Just War criteria, 50–51
Sandline (PMC): and EO, 69
and Sierra Leone countercoup, 69–70
Sankoh, Foday, 68
Scanlon, T. M., 138
scholarship, on human security, 31
Schott, Robin May, 157–58
security: and conceptual change, 30–34
environmental, 33
European Security Strategy, 39
health, 33
humanitarian, 35
income, 33
and jus in bello ethics, 158–59
and legacy ideas, 43
personal, 33
and R2P principle, 32
shifts in understanding of, 34–35
threats to, 33–34
security sector agencies, 37–43
self-defense, as states’
procedural authority, 19
self-preservation, and Grotius’s view of intervention, 50
September 11, 2001, and arguments for intervention, 51
Sharkey, Noel, 107
Shaw, Martin, 137
Shearer, David, 69
Sierra Leone, use of PMCS, 63–64, 66–73
Singer, Peter W., 5, 66–67, 109
sobels (epithet), 68
social contract concept, 33
social organization, as cross-cultural consideration, 42
social power, and epistemic injustice, 22
South African apartheid, 24
sovereign states: and jus post bellum principle, 176
and legitimate authority, 18–21, 35
and mutuality, 6
as privileged actors, 23
as secular, 21
as security actors, 34
versus substate actors, 21
as Westphalian insiders, 17
sovereignty: and legitimacy, 26
as outmoded for Just War principles, 177
and responsibility, 45n15
and technology, 100
and territoriality, 99–100
Thomas Aquinas’s view of, 20–21
Soviet Union, and Cold War strategies, 119–20
Sri Lanka, 24
statehood, conflation of, 4–6
states: autonomous, 20, 22, 100–101, 104
as gendered, 15
as key security actors, 34
priority of duties to protect, 52–53, 55
right of non-intervention versus intervention, 51–52
Stern, Maria, 17
Stimson, Henry, 170
Strasser, Valentine, 68–69
Strategic Bomber (SB), and DDE, 132–33, 140–41
Strategic Resource Corporation, and EO, 68
substate actors, 17–18, 20–21, 23–26
success of just war, and principle of last resort, 64–66
Sweden, peacekeeping role of, 36
Sylvester, Christine, 158
symmetry of combatants, and Just War tradition, 81–82
Syria, 148
Tamilese, versus Sri Lankan state, 24
Tan, Kok-Chor, 54
targeted killing, 104–11
Taylor, Charles, 68
technology: and asymmetrical warfare, 82–85, 88–90
and transformation of power centers, 99–100
weapons, and moral agency, 104–11
Teitel, Ruti G., 175
Tenet, George, 169
territoriality, 99–100, 102–4, 108–11, 112n12
Terror Bomber (TB), and DDE, 132–33, 140–41
terrorism: defined, 25
difficulty in defining, 176
and epistemic bias, 24
and facial recognition of UAVS, 103
as subjective term, 24–25. See also Global War on Terrorism
Thirty Years War, and Peace of Westphalia, 21
Thomas Aquinas, Saint: and DDE, 131, 143
on jus post bellum, 169
on legitimate authority, 19–21, 34
on self-defense, 131
and social contract principle, 33–34
Thomism. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint
threat assessment, and proportionality, 123
Tilly, Charles, 34–35
Total Force policy, of U.S. military, 86
True, Jacqui, 17
Truman, Harry S., 169–70
UAVS (unmanned aerial vehicles), 10, 89, 98–99, 102–4
United Nations (UN): Blue Helmets as legitimate authority, 19
codifies Westphalian norms, 19
Genocide Convention, 175
on human security concepts, 31
ICC, 32
1998 Rome Statute, 32
1977 Protocol Additional Geneva Conventions, 19
peacekeeping forces, Chapter VI mandates, 36
R2P doctrine, 19
2005 World Summit document, 32–33
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 51, 175
United Nations Charter on human rights, 174–75
United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 19, 56, 171–72
United States: as confounding moral agency, 104–8
effects of Vietnam War on, 85
hot pursuit agreement of, with Pakistan, 102
military casualty figures of, 84t
military mission/role of, 40–41
and moral justification for risk-free war, 79–97
as postheroic, 86
as privileged actors, 23
rise of postmodern society of, 86
universal freedom from want/fear, 32–33
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVS), 10, 89, 98–99, 102–4
UNSC (United Nations Security Council), 19, 56, 171–72
U.S. Civil War, casualties, 84t
U.S. Defense Department, Quadrennial Defense Review, 40, 89, 115–16, 121
U.S. military: and Air Force technology, 89–90, 115–16, 121
airstrike criteria for, 122
Army/Marine COIN of, 40, 73, 92–93
Global Strike Concept of, 115–16, 121
Human Terrain System of, 40
as postmodern/postheroic, 88–90
post-1973 reforms of, 86–87
and UAV pilot stress, 103
Vattel, Emer de, 50
Vietnam Syndrome, and Weinberger Doctrine, 87–88
violence: and conceptual shifts of security sector, 30
monopoly on, challenged by substates, 25
varieties of, 25–26
Walzer, Michael: on definition of success, 65
on identity prejudice, 23
on legitimacy/authority, 18
on moral agency, 101
on noncombatants, 105
on obligation to intervene, 53
on sovereign state authority, 20
supreme emergency concept of, 176
on UAV pilot stress, 103
war crimes: and asymmetrical warfare, 81
and collateral damage, 105–6
as defined by winners, 173
global attention to, 41
Nuremberg trials for, 175
postmodern challenges to identification of, 110–11
warfare: asymmetrical risk-free challenge of, 80–90, 102, 105, 118–23
evolution of, 11, 88, 90, 99–100
offensive versus defensive, 35
as perpetual, 102–4
as postheroic/postmodern, 88–90
pushbutton (Morgenthau), 102
and territoriality, 99–100. See also Global War on Terrorism
War on Terrorism, 10, 20, 98, 108–11, 120–21, 126, 177
weapons/weapons systems: Aegis Combat System, 104
ancient, 88
ArcLight missile system, 121
autonomous/unmanned, 88–90, 98–99, 104–8
ballistic missiles, 115–16
conventional versus nuclear, 11
Davy Crockett missile, 121
hypersonic conventional missiles, 115, 123–26, 128n16
as legacy items, 43
Maxim machine gun, 90
nuclear, 115–16
and postmodern moral agency, 104–11
predator drones, 89
and sliding scale of autonomy, 104
Trident missiles, 121, 128n14. See also unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVS)
Weinberger Doctrine, 86–88
Westphalian system: critique of, 4
and epistemological injustice, 17, 21–24
and global war on terrorism, 108–11
and hegemony of, 25–26
and legitimate authority, 19, 21
maintained by privilege and power, 23
national military model of, 71
and social power, 22
and substate groups, 24–25
Wilcox, Lauren, 103
Wills, Garry, 173
Wilson, Woodrow, 172
women, as civilian beautiful souls, 150–51
World Trade Organization (WTO), and U.S. financial interests, 23
World War I, U.S. casualties in, 84t
World War II: and jus post bellum principle, 175
U.S. casualties in, 84t
and U.S. Just War theorizing, 170
WTO (World Trade Organization), and U.S. financial interests, 23
Yemen, posthuman weapons against, 89