INDEX

Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations; those with a t indicate tables.

African Americans. See Black Americans

alcoholism, 96

altruism: local, 73, 115–17, 118–20

Solnit on, 76–77. See also volunteerism

Always With You (org.), 7, 23, 26–28, 80, 145

church aid groups and, 116

location of, 28–29

Resiliency Is Us and, 28–30, 74–75, 121, 128–29

volunteers of, 73–74

Apple Angels (org.), 73–74, 77

asking rules, 70

Avent-Holt, Dustin Robert, 19

basement renters, 37, 134, 138

documentation of, 43–44

FEMA assistance to, 37–40, 81

housing assistance for, 40–45

multigenerational living arrangements of, 37–38. See also landlords

Black Americans, 10, 69

in Canarsie, 33–36, 35, 35t, 117–18

enslavement of, xv–xvii

Great Migration of, 16, 24, 33

Jews and, 27

racial capitalism and, xv–xx

in Rockaways, 24–26, 25, 26t. See also race/class influences

boarding houses, 28

Bolger, Daniel, 20

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo, 16

bootstrap bias, 85

Brooklyn, 111, 115–17, 124–27, 144–46

Canarsie, 51

church aid groups in, 2, 121–23

community-based organizations in, 36

demographics of, 30–36, 34, 35t

disaster response in, 40–42, 117–18, 122

FEMA in, 2, 40–42, 117–18, 121–23

flood zone designations of, 48, 49

maps of, 4, 23, 33

organization hosting of, 121–23

Resiliency Is Us in, 118, 122

social vulnerability index of, 32

Caribbean immigrants, 9

in Canarsie, 32–36, 34, 54–55, 117

in Rockaways, 25, 111

Chicago heatwave (1995), 16–17

Chicago school economists, xvii

church aid groups, 70, 75–78, 114–29, 143–45

coalitions of, 144–46

community-based organizations and, xix–xx, 19

undocumented immigrants and, 32–33

Clarke, Yvette, 35

class, 5, 131

bootstrap bias and, 78, 84–85

segmentation by, 34–36. See also race/class influences

color blindness, 86–88, 153

Colored Colony, 34

community-based organizations, xix–xx, 36

crisis capital of, 71–73, 76–77

networking of, 51, 113–29

racializing of, 18–20. See also volunteerism

Covid-19 pandemic, 7, 135, 144

criminal justice system, xvii, 112, 128

crisis capital, 6, 117, 129

of community-based organizations, 72–74, 75–78

definition of, 67

Resiliency Is Us and, 76–78. See also social capital

crisis hotline, 82–83

Cutter, Susan L., xxii–xxiii

Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 48

Desmond, Matthew, xvii

disaster response, 41–43, 81–82, 101–4, 114, 127

logic of, 6, 78–83, 87, 98

by New York State, 6–7, 78, 81–83, 87–88, 131

race/class influences in, 26–29, 109, 114–29, 131–32

racializing processes in, 17, 17–19

types of, 7, 113–29, 144–46

drug rehabilitation programs, 97

homelessness and, 68–69, 92–99

poverty and, 91–92. See also mental health services

Eastville, 52, 100, 120

Always With You in, 26–28, 73–75, 117, 128–29

information diffusion in, 84, 111–12

Resiliency Is Us in, 76–78, 107–8, 129–30

social capital loss in, 67–70. See also Rockaways

ecology: of disadvantage, 5, 91–99

of disaster response organizations, 14, 115–30

of inequity, 4–5, 15–21, 17, 29, 131–32

of privilege, 5, 7, 99

El Salvadoran immigrants, 26–27

ethnographic analysis, 13–14

ethnographic discovery, 1, 12

exclusionary narratives, 108–13

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 48, 91–98

church aid groups and, 118–21, 143–44

coverage guidelines of, 37–38

Department of Homeland Security and, 48

Disaster Response Center of, 40–42

follow-up mechanisms of, 52, 56–61

helpline of, 46, 50, 52, 54, 81

independent contractors of, 64–65

after Katrina, 48, 56

Small Business Administration and, 56–62

transitional housing of, 92

Voluntary Agency Liaison of, 126

flood insurance, 40, 44, 56–58, 62–63, 143

food insecurity, 53–54

Fraser, Nancy, xvi, xvii

Friedman, Milton, xvii

Galtung, Johan, xvi–xvii, 16

gender, xvi

informal economy and, 32

Glazer, Nathan, 32

Gotham, Kevin Fox, xxii

Great Migration (1910–1950), 17, 26, 34

Greenberg, Miriam, xxii

Greenpeace International, 145

gun violence, 144

Gunaratnam, Yasmin, xv

Haitian immigrants, 84–85

in Canarsie, 31–34, 34, 40

Mooney on, 32–33

in Rockaways, 112

SBA loans to, 60–61

Hart-Celler immigration law (1965), 33

Hilliard, Raymond M., 26

Hoffman, Andrew J., 20

Homeland Security Act (2002), 48

homelessness, 45

drug rehabilitation programs and, 67–68, 91–98

elderly and, 81

relocation program for, 83

shelters for, 45

homeowners, 37, 79, 88–90

basement renters versus, 39–41, 44

FEMA assistance to, 56, 59, 60, 63, 65, 144

social capital loss of, 70–72

housing assistance, xvii, 24, 41–46, 89

FEMA grants for, 56, 59, 60, 63, 65

gender and, 25, 92–93

real estate market and, 25–26

social services economy and, xviii–xix

transitional, 68–69, 91–98. See also public housing

Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Department, 123

immigrants, 25–26, 85

documented, 36, 40

undocumented, xvii, 31–32, 42, 45–47, 112

inclusionary projects, 108

Individuals and Households Program (IHP), 56

inequity, 50

definition of, 16

Tilly on, 22

information diffusion, 84, 101, 106–7, 111–12

insurance coverage, 40, 44, 56–58, 61–62, 143

interviews, 147–50

demographics of, 8t, 9–10

self-positionality of, 151–55

Irish immigrants, 26, 35, 101, 109

Italian immigrants, 34–35

Jamaican immigrants, 34–35

Jews, 26, 34–35

Jung, Moon-Kie, xvi

Katrina (2005), 20–21

FEMA reforms after, 48, 56

Sandy and, xx–xxiii

King, Rita J., xxii

Klein, Naomi, xxii

Kliff, Sarah, 25

Klinenberg, Eric, 13–16

Kwon, Yaejoon, xvi

landlords, 39–41, 43

discrimination against large families by, 45

profits of, xvii–xix

Rapid Repairs program for, 43–44, 88, 121

rent to value ratio and, xvii–xviii

LaRossa, Ralph, 13

Latinos, 20, 74, 111

racial capitalism and, xvii–xx

in Rockaways, 25–27, 26t, 27

Lin, Nan, 18

logic of disaster response, 6, 78–83, 87, 98

Long-Term Recovery (org.), 78, 80, 124

mental health services, 26, 80–82, 110. See also drug rehabilitation programs

methodology, 1–3, 12–13

interview questions of, 148–51

limitations of, 154–55

nested processes/structures of, 5, 15, 17, 21

self-positionality of, 151–53

Mexican immigrants, 111. See also Latinos

middle-class bootstrap bias, 134

Mooney, Margarita A., 34

Moses, Robert, 25

Moynihan, Patrick, 26

Native Americans, xvi, 10, 25, 75

neoliberalism, xvii

networking, 5–6, 143–44

information diffusion and, 84, 106–7

organizational, 51, 113–29

race/class influences in, 14–21

as social capital, 20–21

women-centered, 19–20. See also social capital

New York Disaster Interfaith Services (NYDIS), 126

New York State (NYS) disaster response centers, 6–7, 78, 81–83, 87–88, 131

Occupy Sandy (org.), 145

Omi, Michael, 16

organization agglomeration, 7, 113–21, 128

organization coalition, 7, 113, 115, 124–27, 144–46

organization hosting, 7, 114, 121–23

organization isolation, 7, 114, 129–30

Patterson, Orlando, xvi

Peninsula Circles (org.), 121

Polish immigrants, 34

Portes, Alejandro, 85

Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act (2006), 47, 55

prison system, xvii, 112, 128

public housing, xvii, 24, 26, 88

“urban renewal” policies and, 34

vouchers for, 46. See also housing assistance Puerto

Ricans, xvi, 27–28, 35

Pulido, Laura, 16–17

race/class influences, xv–xx, 4–5, 17, 23–30, 25

and color

blindness, 39, 78, 85–87, 153

on disaster response, 26–29, 109, 114–29, 131–32

on networks, 15–22

on research, 151–53

of social vulnerability, 15, 33, 54, 88

on volunteerism, 28

racial capitalism, xv–xx

racializing organizations, 18–20

Rapid Repairs program, 43–44, 87, 120

Ray, Victor, 19

Reagan, Ronald, xvii

Red Hook, 51

Reid, Megan, 52, 54

relational capital, 6

rent to value ratio, xvii–xviii. See also landlords

researcher interventions, 1, 153–54. See also methodology

Resiliency Is Us (org.), 23, 28, 107–8

Always With You and, 27–28, 74–75, 121, 128–29

Brooklyn and, 124–25

Canarsie and, 118, 122

church aid groups and, 116–19

criticisms of, 76–78, 118–22

Eastvillers and, 75–77, 106–7, 128–29

location of, 28–29

role of, 79–80

Westvillers and, 99–112, 115–22

Rieder, Jonathan, 19

Robinson, Cedric, xv

Rockaways, 22–29, 99

Always With You in, 26–28, 80

Black Americans in, 24–26

demographics of, 25, 26t

history of, 24–25

maps of, 4, 23, 25

Resiliency Is Us in, 79–80

segregation on, 22–27, 25

social capital loss in, 66–71

social vulnerability index of, 23. See also Eastville

Westville

Russian immigrants, 34

Sampson, John L., 123

San Francisco earthquake (1906), 77

Saving Grace (org.), 118

Scott, Janny, 25

segregation, 16–19, 22–27, 25

self-employed people, 37, 134

invisibility of, 78, 89–90

SBA loans for, 56

senior citizens, 74, 105

in boarding houses, 25, 29

informal networks of, 15–16

services for, 71, 73, 138

single-room occupancy (SRO) boarders, 109

slavery, capitalism and, xv–xvi

Small Business Administration (SBA), 55–61, 122

social capital, 5–6, 51, 66–71, 99–101

of basement renters, 39–40, 44

bonding ties of, 102–5

infrastructure of, 124

as networking process, 20–21

organizational ties in, 117

racializing processes of, 17, 17–19

resiliency and, 80. See also crisis capital

networking

social ties: deflation of, 21, 67

depletion of, 73, 135

fragmentation of, 84, 134

social vulnerability, 14, 53, 87

chronic, 78

index of, 23, 32

Solnit, Rebecca, 77–78

spatial inequality, 16

Staten Island, 118

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 53

terrorism, xvi

Tilly, Charles, 22

Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, 19

transitional housing, 67–68, 91–98

United Methodist Church (Brooklyn), 125–28

urban spaces: crisis capital in, 72–74, 77–78

racializing of, 18–19, 23

utopia, “altruistic,” 77–78

Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD), 125

volunteerism, 102–5, 107–8, 118–20

in Eastville, 73–74

organization agglomeration and, 7, 113–21, 128

race/class influences in, 27

in Westville, 115–21. See also community-based organizations

vulnerability. See social vulnerability

Westville, 100

information diffusion in, 85, 102, 107–8

organization agglomeration in, 116–22

Resiliency Is Us in, 100–113, 116–23

social capital loss in, 70–72. See also Rockaways

White flight, 35

White privilege, xviii, xx

ecology of inequity and, 4–5

Pulido on, 16–17. See also race/class influences

Wilmers, Nathan, xvii

Wilson, William Julius, 14–15

Winant, Howard, 15

Wooten, Melissa, 19

World Circle (org), 125

zip code tabulation areas (ZTs), 25t, 35t

Zone A, 48, 52

Zone B, 37, 48, 49