REFERENCES

Adeola, Francis O., and J. Steven Picou. 2012. “Race, Social Capital, and the Health Impacts of Katrina: Evidence from the Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf Coast.” Human Ecology Review 19(1): 10–24.

Aldrich, Daniel P. 2012. Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post-Disaster Recovery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Baradaran, Mehrsa. 2017. The Color of Money: Black Banks and the Racial Wealth Gap. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Barnshaw, John. 2005. “The Continuing Significance of Race and Class among Houston Hurricane Katrina Evacuees. Natural Hazards Observer 30(2): 11–13.

Barnshaw, John, and Joseph Trainor. 2010. “Race, Class and Capital amidst the Hurricane Katrina Diaspora.” In The Sociology of Katrina: Perspectives on a Modern Catastrophe, 2nd ed, edited by D. Brunsma, D. Overfelt, and S. Picou, 103–18. Boston: Rowman & Littlefield.

Barth, Fredrik. 1969. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Bates, Frederick. 1982. Recovery, Change, and Development. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Bellot, Alfred H. 1917. History of the Rockaways: 1685 to 1917. Far Rockaway, N.Y.: Bellot’s Histories.

Blumer, Herbert. 1958. “Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position.” Pacific Sociological Review 1(1): 3–7.

Bobo, Lawrence, and Vincent L. Hutchings. 1996. “Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer’s Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context.” American Sociological Review 61: 951–72.

Bolger, Daniel. 2021. “The Racial Politics of Place in Faith-Based Social Service Provision.” Social Problems 68(3): 535–51.

Bolin, Bob. 2006. “Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Disaster Vulnerability.” In Handbook of Disaster Research, edited by Havidán Rodriguez, Enrico Quarantelli, and Russell Dynes, 107–31. Memphis: Central United States Earthquake Consortium, Monograph no. 5.

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 1997. “Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation.” American Sociological Review 62(3): 465–80.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. G. Richardson, 242. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre, and Jean Claude Passeron. 1977. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE.

Breiger, Ronald L. 1974. “The Duality of Persons and Groups.” Social Forces 53(2): 181–90.

Brooklyn Public Library. 2016. “Black Canarsie: A History.” February 1, 2016. https://www.bklynlibrary.org/locations/jamaica-bay/black-canarsie-history.

Brunsma, David L., David Overfelt, and J. Steven Picou, eds. 2007. The Sociology of Katrina: Perspectives on a Modern Catastrophe. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.

Bullard, Robert D. 1983. “Solid Waste Sites and the Black Houston Community.” Sociological Inquiry 53(2–3): 273–88.

———. 2009. Race, Place and Environmental Justice after Hurricane Katrina: Struggles to Reclaim, Rebuild, and Revitalize New Orleans and the Gulf Coast. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

Bullard, Robert D., and Beverly Wright. 2012. The Wrong Complexion for Protection: How the Government Response to Disaster Endangers African American Communities. New York: New York University Press.

Burawoy, Michael. 2003. “Revisits: An Outline of a Theory of Reflexive Ethnography.” American Sociological Review 68(5): 645–79.

Calarco, Jessica McCrory. 2011. “’I Need Help!’ Social Class and Children’s Help-Seeking in Elementary School.” American Sociological Review 76(6): 862–82.

Caro, Robert A. 2006. The Power Broker : Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. Francis Park-man Prize ed. History Book Club. Available online from EBSCO.

Charles, Camille Zubrinsky. 2003. “The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation.” Annual Review of Sociology 29: 167–207.

Coleman, James S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Collard, Rosemary-Claire, and Jessica Dempsey. 2017. “Capitalist Natures in Five Orientations.” Capitalism Nature Socialism 28(1): 78–97.

Cutter, Susan, Christopher T. Emrich, Jerry T. Mitchell, Walter W. Piegorsch, Mark M. Smith, and Lynn Weber. 2014. The Recovery Divide: Hurricane Katrina and the Forgotten Coast of Mississippi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cutter, Susan L., Jerry T. Mitchell, and Michael S. Scott. 2000. “Revealing the Vulnerability of People and Places: A Case Study of Georgetown County, South Carolina.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90(4): 713–37.

David, Emmanuel, and Elaine Enarson, eds. 2012. The Women of Katrina: How Gender, Race, and Class Matter in American Disaster. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.

Desmond, Matthew. 2012. “Disposable Ties and the Urban Poor.” American Journal of Sociology 117(5): 1295–335.

———. 2016. Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City. New York: Crown.

Desmond, Matthew, and Nathan Wilmers. 2019. “Do the Poor Pay More for Housing? Exploitation, Profit, and Risk in Rental Markets.” American Journal of Sociology 124(4): 1090–124.

Donner, William, and Havidan Rodriguez. 2008. “Population Composition, Migration and Inequality: The Influence of Demographic Changes on Disaster Risk and Vulnerability.” Social Forces 87(2): 1089–114.

Drabek, Thomas E., and William H. Key. 1984. Conquering Disaster: Family Recovery and Long-Term Consequences. New York: Irvington.

Dynes, Russell R. 2002. “The Importance of Social Capital in Disaster Response.” University of Delaware Disaster Research Center. https://udspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/292/PP%20327.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Eggers, Frederick, and Fouad Moumen. 2010. Investigating Very High Rent Burdens among Renters in the American Housing Survey. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Elliott, James R., Timothy J. Haney, and Petrice Sams-Abiodun. 2010. “Limits to Social Capital: Comparing Network Assistance in Two New Orleans Neighborhoods Devastated by Hurricane Katrina.” Sociological Quarterly 51(4): 624–48.

Erikson, Kai. 1976. Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Faber, Jacob William. 2015. “Superstorm Sandy and the Demographics of Flood Risk in New York City.” Human Ecology 43(3): 363–78.

FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). 1998. “Overview of Stafford Act Support to States.” https://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-stafford.pdf.

———. 2017. “Remembering Sandy Five Years Later.” October 28, 2017. https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210318/remembering-sandy-five-years-later.

———. 2018. “FACT SHEET: FEMA Eligibility Letter May Not Be Last Word on Disaster Assistance.” December 15, 2018. https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210318/fact-sheet-fema-eligibility-letter-may-not-be-last-word-disaster-assistance.

———. 2021. “Fact Sheet: Don’t Wait to Begin Cleaning, Making Repairs.” March 18, 2021. https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210318/fact-sheet-dont-wait-begin-cleaning-making-repairs.

Foner, Nancy. 2000. From Ellis Island to JFK: New York’s Two Great Waves of Immigration. New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 2005. In a New Land: A Comparative View of Immigration. New York: New York University Press.

Fothergill, Alice, and Lori A. Peek. 2004. “Poverty and Disasters in the United States: A Review of Recent Sociological Findings.” Natural Hazards 32(1): 89–110.

Fraser, Nancy. 2016. “Expropriation and Exploitation in Racialized Capitalism: A Reply to Michael Dawson.” Critical Historical Studies 3(1): 163–78.

Frazier, Edward Franklin. 1957. Black Bourgeoisie. New York: Macmillan.

Fritz, C. E. 1961. “Disasters.” In Contemporary Social Problems, edited by Robert K. Merton and Robert A. Nisbet, 651–94. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

Fussell, Elizabeth. 2012. “Help from Family, Friends, and Strangers during Hurricane Katrina 2012.” In Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora, edited by Lynn Weber and Lori Peek, 150–66. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Galtung, Johan. 1969. Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3): 167–91.

GAO (Government Accountability Office). 2015. “FEMA Has Made Progress since Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, but Challenges Remain.” October 22, 2015. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-16-90t.pdf.

Gibbs, Linda, and Caswell F. Holloway. 2013. Hurricane Sandy after Action: Report and Recommendations to Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. May 2013. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/housingrecovery/downloads/pdf/2017/sandy_aar_5-2-13.pdf.

Glazer, Nathan, and Daniel P. Moynihan. 1970. Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Gotham, Kevin Fox, and Krista Brumley. 2002. “Using Space: Agency and Identity in a Public–Housing Development.” City & Community 1(3): 267–89.

Gotham, Kevin Fox, and Miriam Greenberg. 2014. Crisis Cities: Disaster and Redevelopment in New York and New Orleans. New York: Oxford University Press.

Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360–80.

———. 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91(3): 481–510.

Gunaratnam, Yasmin. 2003. Researching “Race” and Ethnicity: Methods, Knowledge, and Power. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE.

Hansen, Karen V. 2011. “The Asking Rules of Reciprocity.” In At the Heart of Work and Family: Engaging the Ideas of Arlie Hochschild, edited by Anita Ilta Garey and Karen V. Hansen, 112–23. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.

Herd, Pamela, and Donald P. Moynihan. 2019. Administrative Burden: Policymaking by Other Means. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Hernández, Diana, David Chang, Carole Hutchinson, Evanah Hill, Amenda Almonte, Rachel Burns, Peggy Shepard, Ingrid Gonzalez, Nora Reissig, and David Evans. 2018. “Public Housing on the Periphery: Vulnerable Residents and Depleted Resilience Reserves Post-Hurricane Sandy.” Journal of Urban Health 95(5): 703–15.

Heron, Melonie P. 2001. The Occupational Attainment of Caribbean Immigrants in the United States, Canada, and England. New York: LFB Scholarly.

Hoelscher, Steven. 2003. “Making Place, Making Race: Performances of Whiteness in the Jim Crow South.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93(3): 657–86.

Hunter, Albert. 1974. Symbolic Communities: The Persistence and Change of Chicago’s Local Communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

INCITE! 2007. Women of Color Against Violence, eds. The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex. Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press.

———. 2020. The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex. Rev. ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Jung, Moon-Kie, and Yaejoon Kwon. 2020. “The Racial State in the Age of Racial Formation Theory and Beyond.” In The New Handbook of Political Sociology, edited by Thomas Janoski, Cedric de Leon, Joya Misra, and Isaac William Martin, 1003–26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kaplan, Lawrence, and Carol P. Kaplan. 2003. Between Ocean and City: The Transformation of Rockaway, New York. New York: Columbia University Press.

Kasinitz, Phillip. 2008. Inheriting the City: The Children of Immigrants Come of Age. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Kasinitz, Philip, John H. Mollenkopf, and Mary C. Waters. 2004. Becoming New Yorkers: Ethnographies of the New Second Generation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Kent, Mary Mederios. 2007. “Immigration and America’s Black Population.” Population Bulletin 62(4).

King, Rita J. 2009. “Post-Katrina Profiteering: The New Big Easy.” In Race, Place, and Environmental Justice after Hurricane Katrina: Struggles to Reclaim, Rebuild, and Revitalize New Orleans and the Gulf Coast, edited by Robert D. Bullard and Beverly Wright, 169–82. New York: Routledge.

Klein, Naomi. 2008. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Henry Holt.

Kliff, Sarah. 2013. “The Irish-American Population Is Seven Times Larger than Ireland.” Washington Post, March 17, 2013. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/03/17/the-irish-american-population-is-seven-times-larger-than-ireland/.

Klinenberg, Eric. 2002. Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

———. 2004. “Overheated.” Contemporary Sociology 33(5): 521–28.

———. 2015. Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Krause, Neal. 2008. Aging in the Church: How Social Relationships Affect Health. West Conshohocken, Penn.: Templeton Foundation Press.

Lamont, Michèle, and Marcel Fournier. 1992. Cultivating Differences: Symbolic Boundaries and the Making of Inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

LaRossa, Ralph. 2005. “Grounded Theory Methods and Qualitative Family Research.” Journal of Marriage and Family 67(4): 837–57.

Laster Pirtle, Whitney N. 2020. “Racial Capitalism: A Fundamental Cause of Novel Corona-virus (Covid-19) Pandemic Inequities in the United States.” Health Education & Behavior 47(4): 504–8.

Lawler, Edward J., Shane R. Thye, and Jeongkoo Yoon. 2009. Social Commitments in a Depersonalized World. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Lieberson, Stanley. 2000. Matter of Taste: How Names, Fashions, and Culture Change. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Lin, Nan. 2000. “Inequality in Social Capital.” Contemporary Sociology 29(6): 785–95.

———. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lin, Nan, Karen S. Cook, and Ronald S. Burt, eds. 2001. Social Capital: Theory and Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Lin, Nan, Walter M. Ensel, and John C. Vaughn. 1981. “Social Resources and Strength of Ties: Structural Factors in Occupational Status Attainment.” American Sociological Review 46(4): 393–405.

Lin, Nan, Yang-Chih Fu, and Ray-May Hsung. 2001. “The Position Generator: Measurement Techniques for Investigation of Social Capital.” In Social Capital: Theory and Research, edited by Nan Lin, Karen S. Cook, and Ronald S. Burt, 57–81. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Lin, Nan, Mary W. Woelfel, and Stephen C. Light. 1985. “The Buffering Effect of Social Support Subsequent to an Important Life Event.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 26(3): 247–63.

Litt, Jacquelyn. 2012. “’We Need to Get Together with Each Other’: Women’s Narratives of Help in Katrina’s Displacement.” In Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora, edited by Lynn Weber and Lori Peek, 167–82. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Litt, Jacquelyn, Althea Skinner, and Kelley Robinson. 2012. “The Katrina Difference: African American Women’s Networks and Poverty in New Orleans after Katrina.” In David and Enarson, Women of Katrina, 130–41.

Luft, Rachel E. 2016. “Disaster Patriarchy: An Intersectional Model for Understanding Disaster at the Ten-Year Anniversary of Hurricane Katrina.” Feminist Formations 28(2): 1–26.

Marwell, Nicole P. 2007. Bargaining for Brooklyn: Community Organizations in the Entrepreneurial City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Mayorga, Sarah. 2014. Behind the White Picket Fence: Power and Privilege in a Multiethnic Neighborhood. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Model, Suzanne. 2008. West Indian Immigrants: A Black Success Story? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Mooney, Margarita A. 2009. Faith Makes Us Live: Surviving and Thriving in the Haitian Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press.

NAC (National Advisory Council). 2020. “National Advisory Council Report to the FEMA Administrator.” November 2020. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_nac-report_11-2020.pdf.

O’Leary, Zina. 2005. Researching Real-World Problems: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: SAGE.

Oliver, Melvin L., and Thomas M. Shapiro. 1995. Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge.

Oliver-Smith, Anthony. 1986. The Martyred City: Death and Rebirth in the Andes. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. 1986. Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. New York: Routledge.

———. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. Rev. ed. New York: Routledge.

Passel, Jeffery, and Rebecca L. Clark. 1999. “Immigrants in New York: Their Legal Status, Incomes, and Taxes.” Urban Institute. http://webarchive.urban.org/publications/407432.html.

Passel, Jeffrey S., and D’Vera Cohn. 2011. “Unauthorized Immigrant Population: National and State Trends, 2010.” Pew Hispanic Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2011/02/01/unauthorized-immigrant-population-brnational-and-state-trends-2010/.

Patterson, Orlando. 1982. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Peacock, Walter Gillis, Hugh Gladwin, and Betty Hearn Morrow, eds. 1997. Hurricane Andrew and the Reshaping of Miami: Ethnicity, Gender and the Sociology of Disasters. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

Pelling, Michael. 2003. Natural Disaster and Development in a Globalizing World. New York: Routledge.

Pew Hispanic Center. 2006. “Modes of Entry for the Unauthorized Migrant Population.” May 22, 2006. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2006/05/22/modes-of-entry-for-the-unauthorized-migrant-population/.

Picou, J. Steven, Brent K. Marshall, and Duane A. Gill. 2004. “Disaster, Litigation, and the Corrosive Community.” Social Forces 82(4): 1493–522.

Portes, Alejandro. 1998. “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 24(1):1–24.

Portes, Alejandro, and Rubén G. Rumbaut. 2006. Immigrant America: A Portrait. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Portes, Alejandro, and Julia Sensenbrenner. 1993. “Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action.” American Journal of Sociology 98(6): 1320.

Pulido, Laura. 2000. “Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90(1): 12–40.

———. 2016. “Flint, Environmental Racism, and Racial Capitalism.” Capitalism Nature Socialism 27(3): 1–16.

Ray, Victor. 2019. “A Theory of Racialized Organizations.” American Sociological Review 84(1): 26–53.

Reid, Megan. 2012. “Mothering after a Disaster: The Experiences of Black Single Mothers Displaced by Hurricane Katrina.” In David and Enarson, Women of Katrina, 105–17.

Rieder, Jonathan. 1985. Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Ritchie, Liesel Ashley. 2004. “Voices of Cordova: Social Capital in the Wake of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.” PhD diss., Mississippi State University.

Robinson, Cedric. 1983. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

———. 2000. Black Marxism. The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. 2nd ed. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Ryan, Dennis P. 1999. A Journey through Boston Irish History. Images of America: Massachusetts. Mount Pleasant, S.C.: Arcadia.

Scott, Janny. 2001. “Amid New York’s Sea of Faces, Islands of Segregation.” New York Times, June 18, 2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/18/nyregion/amid-new-yorks-sea-of-faces-islands-of-segregation.html.

Sidanius, Jim, and Felicia Pratto. 1999. Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Small, Mario Luis. 2009a. “’How Many Cases Do I Need?’: On Science and the Logic of Case Selection in Field Research.” Ethnography 10: 5–38.

———. 2009b. Unanticipated Gains: Origins of Network Inequality in Everyday Life. New York: Oxford University Press.

Smith, Sandra Susan. 2005. “’Don’t Put My Name on It’: Social Capital Activation and Job Finding Assistance among the Black Urban Poor.” American Journal of Sociology 111(1): 1–57.

Solnit, Rebecca. 2010. A Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities That Arise in Disaster. New York: Penguin Books.

Stack, Carol B. 1974. All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community. New York: Harper & Row.

Stanfield, John H., II. 1993. “Epistemological Considerations.” In Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods, edited by John H. Stanfield II and Routledge M. Dennis. Newbury Park, Calif.: SAGE.

Taylor, Dorceta E. 2014. Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility. New York: New York University Press.

Tilly, Charles. 1999. Durable Inequality. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.

Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, and Dustin Robert Avent-Holt. 2019. Relational Inequalities: An Organizational Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.

United Church of Christ, Commission for Racial Justice. 1987. “Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites.” https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1310/ML13109A339.pdf.

U.S. Congress. 2002. “H.R. 5005—107th Congress (2001–2002): Homeland Security Act of 2002.” November 19, 2002. https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/5005.

———. 2006. “S.3721—109th Congress (2005–2006): Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006.” August 3, 2006. https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/3721.

Vargas, Robert. 2019. “Gangstering Grants: Bringing Power to Collective Efficacy Theory.” City and Community 18(1): 369–91.

Waters, Mary C. 1999. Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Warren, Robert. 2003. “Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: 1990 to 2000.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Office of Policy and Planning.

Weber, Lynn. 2017. “Through the Fog of Disaster: The Process of (Re)Creating Inequities.” Research Counts, November 29. Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Boulder. https://hazards.colorado.edu/news/research-counts/through-the-fog-of-disaster-the-process-of-re-creating-inequities.

Weber, Lynn, and Lori Peek, eds. 2012. Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Weinreb, Alexander A. 2006. “The Limitations of Stranger-Interviewers in Rural Kenya.” American Sociological Review 71(6): 1014–39.

Wilson, William Julius. 2012. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Woolcock, Michael. 1998. “Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework.” Theory and Society 27(2): 151–208.

Woolcock, Michael, and Deepa Narayan. 2000. “Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy.” World Bank Research Observer 15(2): 225–49.

Wooten, Melissa E. 2015. In the Face of Inequality: How Black Colleges Adapt. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Wooten, Melissa, and Andrew J. Hoffman. 2016. “Organizational Fields Past, Present and Future.” In The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, 2nd ed., edited by R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin, and R. Suddaby, 55–74. London: SAGE.

Data Sources for Figures

Illustrator: Whitley Plummer

Figs. 1 & 3. NYC OpenData and 2010 Census Cartographic Boundary Files

Fig. 4. CDC 2010 Social Vulnerability; NYC Open Data, NYC Area Tabulations, Roadbed shapefile. CDC Description of Social Vulnerability Index: “SVI indicates the relative vulnerability of every U.S. Census tract. Census tracts are subdivisions of counties for which the Census collects statistical data. SVI ranks the tracts on 15 social factors, including unemployment, minority status, and disability, and further groups them into four related themes. Thus, each tract receives a ranking for each Census variable and for each of the four themes, as well as an overall ranking” (CDC SVI 2018 documentation, p.1)

Figs. 5 & 9. 2012 ACS 5yr. Using Ancestry data from the 2012 ACS 5 yr, data was pulled from census.gov to identify the breakdown of ethnic groups in the region. Some limitations are: Many people may not have identified explicitly with an ancestral background or ethnic group, even though they might be a descendant of one of these classifications. A significant portion of the population identified as West Indian (with no further breakdown). Additionally, some respondents identified as American; this provides no clear understanding of what their ethnic grouping/designation might be as American represents/encompasses many different groups.

Fig. 7. CDC 2010 Social Vulnerability; NYC Open Data—NYC Area Tabulations, Roadbed shapefile

Fig. 8. NYC OpenData, 2010 Census Cartographic Boundary Files

Fig. 10. (1) ACS 2012 5 yr Foreign Born; (2) NYC OpenData (Created October 26, 2012)

Fig. 11. The FIRM maps reflect the designations FEMA and NYC made in their own maps; the classifications were condensed into three groups: A, V, and X shaded.

A High Risk, 1% chance of flood.

V High Risk, 1% chance of flood but is in a coastal region, so wave action is likely.

X Low Risk, a .2% chance of flood.

Fig. 12. NYC OpenData. Evacuation Zones: The Evacuations are designations made by NYC. NYC’s description of the evacuation zones is as follows: Hurricane evacuation zones are used for communicating evacuation orders to the public. These zones indicate the areas at most risk of flooding due to storm surge during a hurricane. Zone A is the most at risk, followed by zone B, and then zone C.