Index
Adams, Abigail, 20
Adams, Henry, 99
Adams, James Truslow, 2
Adams, John, 18, 20, 24–25, 26, 29, 50, 64, 69, 70, 72, 79, 81, 111, 117, 122, 123–24, 128, 135, 136, 137
on Franklin’s French, 41–42, 44
struggle of with French language, 42–44
reaction of to Helvétius, 82
on Diderot, 112
anger of against D’Alembert, 115
knew Condorcet, 121
and indefinite perfectibility, 126–27
A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States, 139
Adams, John Quincy, 20, 35, 38, 117
Aldridge, Alfred Owen, 140
Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’, 76, 85, 109, 113, 114, 115, 133
dissemination of writings of in United States, 116
Alien and Sedition Acts, 26
American Academy of Arts and Sciences: elected Buffon member, 69
elected D’Alembert, 113
American Philosophical Society, 111, 124–25, 129
election of French men of science and philosophes, 15, 69, 113, 122, 135, 137
Aucassin and Nicolette, 65
Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 35, 37
Bailyn, Bernard, 10
Banneker, Benjamin, 125
Barker, John, 62
Barlow, Joel, 23, 24, 35, 84, 117
and translation of Les Ruines, 133
Barr, Mary-Margaret H., 99, 104, 107, 123
Barthélémy, Jean-Jacques, 59
Bartram, John and William, 72
Beard, Charles A. and Mary R., 1
Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de, 29
Beecher, Lyman, 113
Berger, Raoul, 97
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques-Henri, 38, 55–56
and success of Paul et Virginie, 143
Berquin, Arnaud, 58
“Better sellers,” 66
Bingham, William, 36
Bizardel, Yvon, 23
Blackstone, Sir William, 93, 94, 95
Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, 61
Bond, Thomas, 21
Bookstores and booksellers, 50–51, 52, 69, 79, 80, 88, 100, 101–2, 110, 114, 117, 123, 138
Boorstin, Daniel J., 9–10
Bowes, Frederick P., 105
Brés, Guy de, 63
Bridenbaugh, Carl, 14
Brillon de Jouy, Madame, 18–19, 41
Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre, 15, 116
Brown, Charles Brockden, 35, 37, 117–18
translated Volney’s Tableau du climat et du sol des Etats-Unis d’Amérique, 135, 190 (n. 16)
Buckle, Henry Thomas, 12
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de, 15
Jefferson’s opinion of, 69
quoted in periodical literature, 71
acquaintance of American botanists with, 71–72
controversy over degeneracy of animals and man in New World, 72–74
vogue of, 74
Burr, Aaron, 36
Byrd, William, 63
Cabanis, Pierre-Jean Georges, 137
Calhoun, John C, 106
Carroll, Charles (barrister), 100, 114
Carroll, Charles (of Carrollton), 20, 35, 64, 95, 100, 107
Carroll, John, 20
Cassirer, Ernst, 6
Cestre, Charles, 16
Chastellux, François-Jean, marquis de, 34, 35, 36
Chateaubriand, François-Renéde, 17
Chinard, Gilbert, x, 8–9, 12, 19, 24, 61, 68, 73–74, 82, 90, 116, 129, 131–32, 133, 137–38, 140
on Jefferson’s reading of Voltaire, 103–4
Cities or towns, 13–14
Clarke, John, 35, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66
recommends reading Buffon, 71
Cobbett, William, 26, 64, 112, 132
Cohen, I. Bernard, 111
Colden, Cadwallader, 71–72
Colleges and universities: Yale, 9, 15, 31, 34, 70, 89, 113, 133
Harvard, 15, 31, 32, 33, 54, 70, 71, 78, 85, 111, 114, 116, 118, 136
College of New Jersey (Princeton), 29, 31, 34, 89
Columbia College (Columbia University), 34, 54, 79
College of William and Mary, 34, 70, 101, 119
Rhode Island College (Brown University), 34, 78
Union College, 70–71
College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania), 70, 74
University of North Carolina, 81, 99, 107, 134
College of Charleston, 81, 105
South Carolina College, 181 (n. 38)
Columbia College. See Colleges and universities
Commager, Henry Steele, 9, 10, 74
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, 135, 136, 140
Condorcet, Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, marquis de, 7, 8, 76, 77, 85, 113, 121–22, 124–26
mentions of in newspapers, 123–24
Progress of the Human Mind, 125–26
and indefinite perfectibility, 126–28
judgments of, 128–29
succès d’estime, 144
Congress, Continental, 5, 18, 20, 29, 88, 89, 91
Connecticut Wits, 127
Constitutional Convention of 1787, 5, 88, 89
and judicial review, 97
Constitution of England, 4, 91, 94, 95, 96
Constitution of the United States, 4, 76, 86, 88, 89
and separation of powers, 91, 92, 94, 97, 98
Cooper, Samuel, 36
Copley, John Singleton, 23
Crébillon, Claude (fils), 49
Crèvecoeur, St. John de, 111
Curti, Merle E., 13
Dancourt, Florent, 61
Darnton, Robert, 109
Declaration of Independence, 23, 15, 32, 48, 76, 88
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 12
Deism and deists, French, 27, 99, 114, 132–33, 140, 144
Dennie, Joseph, 130. See also Preacher, The Lay
De Saussure, Henry William, 186 (n. 28)
Destouches, Philippe Néricault, 61
Dickinson College. See Colleges and universities
Diderot, Denis, 9, 76, 108–9, 110, 113
dissemination of writings of, 112
Dieckmann, Herbert, 6
Drama, French, 61, 101, 105, 111–12
Duane, William, 64, 81, 90, 126, 136
Dulles, Foster Rhea, 22
Dunlap, William, 37, 50, 56, 70, 84, 126
Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel, 137–38
Dwight, Timothy, 84, 112, 115, 118, 130–31, 132, 133, 183 (n. 71)
Echeverria, Durand, 12
Edwards, Jonathan, 78
Eliot, John, 32–33
Discours préliminaire, 109
in private and institutional libraries, 117–18
orthodox and conservative reactions to, 118–19
Encyclopédie méthodique, 109
Jefferson promoted, 119
evaluations of, 119–20
Enlightenment, American, 4–5, 8, 9, 10–11, 66, 144, 146 (n. 9)
role of French thought in, 12–13
Enlightenment, French, 1, 7, 27, 78, 144
Faÿ, Bernard, x, 26, 37–38, 85, 125
Federalist, The, 89, 104, 117, 140–41
Fénelon, François de Salignac de La Mothe-, 38, 54–55
and success of Télémaque, 143
Fenno, John Ward, 64–65
Ferguson, Elizabeth Graeme, 54
Fessenden, T. G, 183 (n. 71)
Fiske, John, 27
Florian, Jean-Pierre Claris de, 62, 65
Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de, 76, 77
Founding Fathers: times of, 4, 12
number and age of, 5
Franco-American Alliance, 15, 18, 22, 25, 26, 32, 48, 63, 142
Franklin, Benjamin, 5, 10, 18–19, 24, 32, 35, 58, 72, 117, 119, 121, 122, 125, 135, 137, 138, 140
prestige of French and his ability in the language, 40–42
as friend of Buffon, 69
on Helvétius, 82
visited Holbach, 84
French and Indian War, 4, 15, 63
French combatants in Revolutionary War, 15–16
French refugees in the United States, 16–17, 33, 150 (n. 21)
French, teaching and study of, 31–41, 43–48
Fulton, Robert, 23
Gallatin, Albert, 47
Gallipolis, 17
Garnham, B. G., 137
Gay, Peter, 7, 134, 169 (n. 4)
Gazettes. See Newspapers
Genêt, Edmond Charles, 25
Genlis, Madame Stéphanie-Félicité de, 57–58
Gérard, Conrad-Alexandre, 18
Gilmer, George, 182 (n. 65)
Girard, Stephen, 35
Gladstone, William Ewart, 86
Graydon, Alexander, 36
Halsey, Ruth, 57
Hamilton, Alexander, 5, 47, 96, 119
quoted Encyclopédie in The Federalist, 117
Hancock, John, 38
Hansen, Allen O., 83
Haraszti, Zoltán, 112, 115, 117, 126, 139
Harris, Thaddeus M., 58
influenced by D’Alembert, 118
Harrison, Richard, 36
Harvard. See Colleges and universities
Havens, George R., 104
Hazen, Charles Downer, 131
Helvetius, Anne-Catherine Ligniville d’Autricourt, 18–19, 41, 82
Helvetius, Claude-Adrien, 9, 76, 77–78, 80–83, 85
Henry, Patrick, 29
Hettner, Herman, 6
Hindle, Brooke, 72
Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, baron de, 9, 76, 77–78, 80, 83–84. See also Johnson, William M.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 94
Hopkinson, Francis, 119, 166 (n. 18)
Howard, Leon, 84
Hubbell, Jay B., 106
Huguenots, 15, 36, 47, 149 (n. 12)
Illuminati, 26, 118, 183 (n. 71)
Influence, ix–x, 1, 3, 27, 57, 62, 68, 71, 74, 75, 76, 83, 84, 92, 93, 97–98, 104, 118, 128, 131–32, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 143, 144
controversy over, 1–2
pitfalls in attributions of, 2–3
Jameson, J. Franklin, 96–97
Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 4, 5, 8, 24, 27–28, 31–32, 34, 35, 36, 49–50, 62, 64, 70, 78, 81, 122, 123, 125, 126, 131–32, 136, 140
and valediction to France and French, 19
importance of French and his competence in, 44–45
as friend of Buffon, 69
Notes on the State of Virginia, 19, 72–73
and judgment of Helvétius, 82
as detractor of Montesquieu, 89–91
and Voltaire collection, 103, 107
Voltaire’s influence on, 104
Diderot collection, 111
owned Encyclopédic and bought set for public use, 117
and human perfectibility, 127
translated part of Les Ruines, 133
Johnson, Robert C, 23
Johnson, William M., 83–84
Jones, Howard Mumford, x, 30, 51, 52, 80, 109–10, 114, 116, 117
Jones, John, 21
Judicial review, “concept of, 97
Jusserand, Jules, 39
and opinion of Mably, 140
Klingberg, Frank J., 13
Kraus, Michael, 9, 14, 51, 69, 73
Laclos, Pierre Choderlos de, 49
La Fontaine, Jean de, 61
La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de, 85
Lanson, Gustave, 97
La Rochefoucauld, François de, 61
La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de, 85, 101
Laurens, Henry: opinion of Voltaire, 105–6, 107
Laurens, John, 36
Lee, Arthur, 44
L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 17
Le Sage, Alain René, 56–57, 66
and success of Gil Blas, 143
Liberty, 4, 12, 88, 91, 93, 96, 98, 104
Libraries: books of French authors in circulating, 39, 49, 51, 57, 60, 62, 64, 70, 80, 85, 89, 110–11, 123, 136
Library Company of Philadelphia, 60, 62, 78, 79, 81, 111, 117, 123, 136, 181 (n. 38)
other company and types of, 70, 78, 79, 81, 105, 107, 118, 123
private, 39, 49–50, 51, 54, 60, 62, 63–64, 70, 78, 81, 100, 102–4, 106, 111, 117, 118, 119, 122–23, 126, 136, 140. See also Colleges and universities
Locke, John, 7, 80, 93, 135, 136
Logan, James, 70
Loughrey, Mary E., 52, 59, 81, 124
Louis-Philippe, 17
Lowell, James, 38
Lundberg, David, 53
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de, 139–40
McDermott, John F., 99
Madison, James, 5, 50, 64, 82, 86, 90, 95, 119, 122–23, 129
concern of with Buffon, 70
on Montesquieu’s doctrine of separation of powers, 98
cited Voltaire, 104
familiar with Diderot’s work, 111
cited Encyclopédie, 117
made use of Mably, 140
Madison, James, Bishop, 127
Malone, Dumas, 45
Marmontel, Jean-François, 62
Marsak, Leonard M., 79
Mason, George, 36
Mauzi, Robert, 2
May, Henry F., 53
Mazzei, Philip, 139–40
Miller, Samuel, 56, 59, 60, 64, 66, 74–75, 115, 116, 119, 120, 127, 132, 136
and appreciation of Fontenelle and other writers, 79–80
on Helvétius, 83
and judgment of Diderot, 112
Millot, Abbé, 60
Molière, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, 60–61
Monroe, James, 19, 37, 119, 135
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 60
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondât, baron de La Brède et de, 64, 65, 76, 77, 85
advertisements of books, 88
Spirit of Laws “better seller” in 17–74
familiarity with and use as textbook, 89
as an American “classic” by 1787, 89
as handbook of political information, 89
and subjects of appeals to his authority, 91
and doctrine of separation of powers, 91, 92, 93–94, 96, 98
and “false views” of English constitution, 94, 95
concerning the judiciary, 96
influence of on Constitution of the United States, 98, 144
Moreau de Saint-Méry, 26, 38, 51, 69, 79, 80, 113, 114, 117, 123
Morgan, John, 21
Morize, André, 143
Morris, Gouverneur, 5, 17, 19, 20, 47, 121
Mott, Frank Luther, 57, 58, 66–67, 134
Murphey, Archibald, 106
Nancrède, Joseph, 37, 38, 39, 71, 80, 113
National Assembly, 23
National Convention, 24
New Jersey, College of. See Colleges and universities
Newspapers (gazettes), American, 52–53, 64–65, 89, 143
Newspapers, French, 17
Nisbet, Charles, 70, 131, 189 (n. 3)
North Carolina, University of. See Colleges and universities
Padover, Saul K., 5
Palmer, Elihu, 84, 129, 134, 136
Palmer, R. R., 12
Panckoucke, Charles-Joseph. See Encyclopédie méthodique
Parrington, Vernon Louis, 138
Parties, political, 4, 25, 26, 27
Pascal, Blaise, 61–62
Peale, Charles Willson, 72, 74
Perfectibility. See Condorcet
Philadelphia, College of. See Colleges and universities
Philosophes, 7, 9, 15, 26, 27, 76, 85, 105, 110, 112, 113, 115, 121, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 135, 144, 169 (n. 4)
definition and beliefs of, 77
Helvétius and Holbach compared, 80
Physiocrats, 138
Pollock, Sir Frederick, 94
Population, 13
sale of books in proportion to, 67
Preacher, The Lay (Joseph Dennie), 60, 84
Proclamation of Neutrality, 25
Progress, 126, 127, 128, 188 (n. 47)
Quesnay de Beaurepaire, 17
Rabelais, François, 60
Racine, Jean, 61
Randolph, John (of Roanoke), 37, 78, 99, 103, 117
Raynal, Guillaume, 59, 60, 73, 76, 140
Reitzel, William, 62
Restif de la Bretonne, Nicolas, 49
Revolution, American, 2, 8, 9, 48, 112, 130
Revolution, French, 16, 24–25, 26, 48, 84, 103, 112, 131, 133, 144
Rhode Island College (Brown University). See Colleges and universities
Richard, Gabriel, 118
Rittenhouse, David, 72
and success of Histoire ancienne, 144
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 7, 8, 55, 57, 66, 76, 77, 85, 132
La Nouvelle Héloïse and the early American novel, 143
vogue of Emile, 144
Rumsey, James, 23
Rush, Benjamin, 21–22, 38, 78, 123, 135, 136
knew French and advocated study of, 46–47
visited Diderot, 110
Rush, Jacob, 113–14
Saint-Mémin, Févret de, 17
Schachner, Nathan, 25
Scotch teachers of French, 47–48, 79
Separation of governmental powers. See Constitution of England; Constitution of the United States; Constitutional Convention of 1787; Montesquieu
Shackleton, Robert, 76
Shapley, Harlow, 73
Shera, J. H., 64
Short, William, 36–37, 45, 70, 103, 117, 121, 129
Silliman, Benjamin, 127
Skipwith, Robert, 49, 62, 78, 102
Smart, George K., 58, 138, 182 (n. 65)
Smith, William, 35
Smyth, Albert H., 18
South Carolina College. See Colleges and universities
Sowerby, E. Millicent, 50
State constitutions, 88, 92, 93
Stourzh, Gerald, 10
Strout, Cushing, 25
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de, 17, 48
Ticknor, Elisha, 38
Townsend, Harvey Gates, 49
Travelers, American, in France, 17–18, 22–23
Travelers, French, in America, 17, 85, 116, 135
Treaty of Paris, 4
Trumbull, John, 23
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 138–39
Umbreit, Kenneth, 45
Union College. See Colleges and universities
Vanderlyn, John, 23
Van Duzer, Charles Hunter, 136–37
Vernon, William Henry, 23
Vertot, René Aubert de, 59
Volney, Constantin, comte de, 26, 85, 132
disillusionment with United States, 135
influence on deistic movement, 140, 144
Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet, 7–8, 9, 18, 21, 57, 58–60, 61, 76, 78, 84, 85, 132, 133, 140
and vogue of histories, 58–59, 100–101, 107
books by in southern libraries, 102–4
and success of histories, 144
and influence on deistic movement, 144
Wade, Ira, 108
War of the Revolution, 15, 16, 48, 63, 142
War, undeclared naval, 48
Washington, George, 16, 17, 135
encouraged study of French, 39–40
Webster, Daniel, 69
Webster, Noah, 24, 35, 37, 38, 46, 83, 128, 131, 141
Weeks, Stephen B., 58
Weems, Mason Locke (Parson Weems), 54, 55, 102
Wertenbaker, Thomas J., 13, 101, 104
West, Benjamin, 23
Wheeler, Joseph T., 60, 100–101
William and Mary, College of. See Colleges and universities
Williams, David, 124
Wills, Garry, 2
Winthrop, John, Jr., 63
Witherspoon, John, 15, 31, 35, 48, 55, 61, 66
Women, rights of, 124
Wood, Gordon S., 97
Wright, Joseph, 23
Wright, Louis B., 4