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The French Enlightenment in America: Essays on the Times of the Founding Fathers: Index

The French Enlightenment in America: Essays on the Times of the Founding Fathers

Index

Index

Adams, Abigail, 20

Adams, Henry, 99

Adams, James Truslow, 2

Adams, John, 18, 20, 24–25, 26, 29, 50, 64, 69, 70, 72, 79, 81, 111, 117, 122, 123–24, 128, 135, 136, 137

on Franklin’s French, 41–42, 44

struggle of with French language, 42–44

reaction of to Helvétius, 82

on Diderot, 112

anger of against D’Alembert, 115

knew Condorcet, 121

and indefinite perfectibility, 126–27

A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States, 139

Adams, John Quincy, 20, 35, 38, 117

Aldridge, Alfred Owen, 140

Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’, 76, 85, 109, 113, 114, 115, 133

dissemination of writings of in United States, 116

Alien and Sedition Acts, 26

Allen, Ethan, 37, 134

American Academy of Arts and Sciences: elected Buffon member, 69

elected D’Alembert, 113

American Philosophical Society, 111, 124–25, 129

election of French men of science and philosophes, 15, 69, 113, 122, 135, 137

Ames, Fisher, 36, 127

Anthologies, 51, 80

Aucassin and Nicolette, 65

Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 35, 37

Bailyn, Bernard, 10

Banneker, Benjamin, 125

Barker, John, 62

Barlow, Joel, 23, 24, 35, 84, 117

and translation of Les Ruines, 133

Barr, Mary-Margaret H., 99, 104, 107, 123

Barthélémy, Jean-Jacques, 59

Bartram, John and William, 72

Bayle, Pierre, 76, 77, 78

Beard, Charles A. and Mary R., 1

Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de, 29

Becker, Carl, 1, 30

Beecher, Lyman, 113

Benson, Mary S., 57, 124

Berger, Raoul, 97

Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques-Henri, 38, 55–56

and success of Paul et Virginie, 143

Berquin, Arnaud, 58

“Better sellers,” 66

Bingham, William, 36

Bizardel, Yvon, 23

Blackstone, Sir William, 93, 94, 95

Blair, Thomas, 37, 47

Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, 61

Bond, Thomas, 21

Bookstores and booksellers, 50–51, 52, 69, 79, 80, 88, 100, 101–2, 110, 114, 117, 123, 138

Boorstin, Daniel J., 9–10

Bowdoin, James, 60, 63, 78

Bowe, Forrest, 52, 63

Bowes, Frederick P., 105

Breck, Samuel, 16, 20–21

Brés, Guy de, 63

Bridenbaugh, Carl, 14

Brillon de Jouy, Madame, 18–19, 41

Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre, 15, 116

Brown, Charles Brockden, 35, 37, 117–18

translated Volney’s Tableau du climat et du sol des Etats-Unis d’Amérique, 135, 190 (n. 16)

Buckle, Henry Thomas, 12

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de, 15

Jefferson’s opinion of, 69

quoted in periodical literature, 71

acquaintance of American botanists with, 71–72

controversy over degeneracy of animals and man in New World, 72–74

vogue of, 74

Burr, Aaron, 36

Byrd, William, 63

Cabanis, Pierre-Jean Georges, 137

Calhoun, John C, 106

Caritat, Hocquet, 49, 85

Carroll, Charles (barrister), 100, 114

Carroll, Charles (of Carrollton), 20, 35, 64, 95, 100, 107

Carroll, John, 20

Cassirer, Ernst, 6

Census of 1790, 13, 67

Cestre, Charles, 16

Chastellux, François-Jean, marquis de, 34, 35, 36

Chateaubriand, François-Renéde, 17

Chinard, Gilbert, x, 8–9, 12, 19, 24, 61, 68, 73–74, 82, 90, 116, 129, 131–32, 133, 137–38, 140

on Jefferson’s reading of Voltaire, 103–4

Cities or towns, 13–14

Clarke, John, 35, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66

recommends reading Buffon, 71

Cobbett, William, 26, 64, 112, 132

Cohen, I. Bernard, 111

Coke, Sir Edward, 88, 97

Colden, Cadwallader, 71–72

Colleges and universities: Yale, 9, 15, 31, 34, 70, 89, 113, 133

Harvard, 15, 31, 32, 33, 54, 70, 71, 78, 85, 111, 114, 116, 118, 136

College of New Jersey (Princeton), 29, 31, 34, 89

Columbia College (Columbia University), 34, 54, 79

College of William and Mary, 34, 70, 101, 119

Rhode Island College (Brown University), 34, 78

Union College, 70–71

College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania), 70, 74

Dickinson College, 70, 131

University of North Carolina, 81, 99, 107, 134

College of Charleston, 81, 105

South Carolina College, 181 (n. 38)

Collins, V. L., 55, 61

Columbia College. See Colleges and universities

Commager, Henry Steele, 9, 10, 74

Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, 135, 136, 140

Condorcet, Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, marquis de, 7, 8, 76, 77, 85, 113, 121–22, 124–26

mentions of in newspapers, 123–24

Progress of the Human Mind, 125–26

and indefinite perfectibility, 126–28

judgments of, 128–29

succès d’estime, 144

Congress, Continental, 5, 18, 20, 29, 88, 89, 91

Connecticut Wits, 127

Constitutional Convention of 1787, 5, 88, 89

and judicial review, 97

Constitution of England, 4, 91, 94, 95, 96

Constitution of the United States, 4, 76, 86, 88, 89

and separation of powers, 91, 92, 94, 97, 98

Cool, Charles Dean, 53, 65

Cooper, Samuel, 36

Copley, John Singleton, 23

Corneille, Pierre, 60, 61

Cotta, Sergio, 88, 91

Crébillon, Claude (fils), 49

Crèvecoeur, St. John de, 111

Curti, Merle E., 13

Dancourt, Florent, 61

Darnton, Robert, 109

Deane, Silas, 29, 31

Declaration of Independence, 23, 15, 32, 48, 76, 88

Declaration of the Rights of Man, 12

Deism and deists, French, 27, 99, 114, 132–33, 140, 144

Dennie, Joseph, 130. See also Preacher, The Lay

De Saussure, Henry William, 186 (n. 28)

Destouches, Philippe Néricault, 61

Dickinson College. See Colleges and universities

Diderot, Denis, 9, 76, 108–9, 110, 113

dissemination of writings of, 112

Dieckmann, Herbert, 6

Drama, French, 61, 101, 105, 111–12

Drowne, Solomon, 21, 81

Duane, William, 64, 81, 90, 126, 136

Dulles, Foster Rhea, 22

Dunlap, William, 37, 50, 56, 70, 84, 126

Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel, 137–38

Dwight, Timothy, 84, 112, 115, 118, 130–31, 132, 133, 183 (n. 71)

Echeverria, Durand, 12

Edwards, Jonathan, 78

Eliot, John, 32–33

Empiricism, 135–36, 140

Encyclopédie, 116, 117, 118

Discours préliminaire, 109

in private and institutional libraries, 117–18

orthodox and conservative reactions to, 118–19

Encyclopédie méthodique, 109

Jefferson promoted, 119

evaluations of, 119–20

Enlightenment, 6–7, 9, 10, 12

Enlightenment, American, 4–5, 8, 9, 10–11, 66, 144, 146 (n. 9)

role of French thought in, 12–13

Enlightenment, French, 1, 7, 27, 78, 144

Experience, 10, 140–41, 143

Faÿ, Bernard, x, 26, 37–38, 85, 125

Federalists, 25, 26, 27, 112

Federalist, The, 89, 104, 117, 140–41

Fénelon, François de Salignac de La Mothe-, 38, 54–55

and success of Télémaque, 143

Fenno, John Ward, 64–65

Ferguson, Elizabeth Graeme, 54

Fessenden, T. G, 183 (n. 71)

Fiske, John, 27

Florian, Jean-Pierre Claris de, 62, 65

Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de, 76, 77

Founding Fathers: times of, 4, 12

number and age of, 5

Franco-American Alliance, 15, 18, 22, 25, 26, 32, 48, 63, 142

Franklin, Benjamin, 5, 10, 18–19, 24, 32, 35, 58, 72, 117, 119, 121, 122, 125, 135, 137, 138, 140

prestige of French and his ability in the language, 40–42

as friend of Buffon, 69

on Helvétius, 82

visited Holbach, 84

French and Indian War, 4, 15, 63

French combatants in Revolutionary War, 15–16

French refugees in the United States, 16–17, 33, 150 (n. 21)

French, teaching and study of, 31–41, 43–48

Freneau, Philip, 35, 123, 129

Fulton, Robert, 23

Gallatin, Albert, 47

Gallipolis, 17

Garnham, B. G., 137

Gay, Peter, 7, 134, 169 (n. 4)

Gazettes. See Newspapers

Genêt, Edmond Charles, 25

Genlis, Madame Stéphanie-Félicité de, 57–58

Gérard, Conrad-Alexandre, 18

Gilmer, George, 182 (n. 65)

Girard, Stephen, 35

Gladstone, William Ewart, 86

Graydon, Alexander, 36

Halsey, Ruth, 57

Hamilton, Alexander, 5, 47, 96, 119

quoted Encyclopédie in The Federalist, 117

Hancock, John, 38

Hansen, Allen O., 83

Haraszti, Zoltán, 112, 115, 117, 126, 139

Harris, Thaddeus M., 58

influenced by D’Alembert, 118

Harrison, Richard, 36

Hart, James D., 54, 64, 100

Harvard. See Colleges and universities

Havens, George R., 104

Hazard, Paul, 6, 7

Hazen, Charles Downer, 131

Helvetius, Anne-Catherine Ligniville d’Autricourt, 18–19, 41, 82

Helvetius, Claude-Adrien, 9, 76, 77–78, 80–83, 85

Henry, Patrick, 29

Hettner, Herman, 6

Hindle, Brooke, 72

Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, baron de, 9, 76, 77–78, 80, 83–84. See also Johnson, William M.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 94

Hopkinson, Francis, 119, 166 (n. 18)

Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 17, 129

Howard, Leon, 84

Hubbell, Jay B., 106

Huguenots, 15, 36, 47, 149 (n. 12)

Ideology, 136–37, 140

Illuminati, 26, 118, 183 (n. 71)

Influence, ix–x, 1, 3, 27, 57, 62, 68, 71, 74, 75, 76, 83, 84, 92, 93, 97–98, 104, 118, 128, 131–32, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 143, 144

controversy over, 1–2

pitfalls in attributions of, 2–3

Jaffe, Adrian H., 53, 65, 114

Jameson, J. Franklin, 96–97

Jay, John, 36, 122

Jay’s Treaty, 26, 48

Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 4, 5, 8, 24, 27–28, 31–32, 34, 35, 36, 49–50, 62, 64, 70, 78, 81, 122, 123, 125, 126, 131–32, 136, 140

and valediction to France and French, 19

importance of French and his competence in, 44–45

as friend of Buffon, 69

Notes on the State of Virginia, 19, 72–73

and judgment of Helvétius, 82

as detractor of Montesquieu, 89–91

second library of, 103, 130

and Voltaire collection, 103, 107

Voltaire’s influence on, 104

Diderot collection, 111

owned Encyclopédic and bought set for public use, 117

and Condorcet, 121, 129

and human perfectibility, 127

translated part of Les Ruines, 133

Johnson, Robert C, 23

Johnson, William M., 83–84

Johnston, Samuel, 106, 107

Jones, Howard Mumford, x, 30, 51, 52, 80, 109–10, 114, 116, 117

Jones, John, 21

Jones, John Paul, 23, 36

Judicial review, “concept of, 97

Jusserand, Jules, 39

Kent, James, 50, 62, 111, 126

and opinion of Mably, 140

King, Cyrus, 130, 131

Klingberg, Frank J., 13

Koch, Adrienne, 132, 140

Kraus, Michael, 9, 14, 51, 69, 73

Laclos, Pierre Choderlos de, 49

La Fontaine, Jean de, 61

La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de, 85

Lanson, Gustave, 97

La Rochefoucauld, François de, 61

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de, 85, 101

Laurens, Henry: opinion of Voltaire, 105–6, 107

Laurens, John, 36

Le Breton, Maurice, 30–31, 32

Lee, Arthur, 44

L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 17

Le Sage, Alain René, 56–57, 66

and success of Gil Blas, 143

Liberty, 4, 12, 88, 91, 93, 96, 98, 104

Libraries: books of French authors in circulating, 39, 49, 51, 57, 60, 62, 64, 70, 80, 85, 89, 110–11, 123, 136

Library Company of Philadelphia, 60, 62, 78, 79, 81, 111, 117, 123, 136, 181 (n. 38)

other company and types of, 70, 78, 79, 81, 105, 107, 118, 123

private, 39, 49–50, 51, 54, 60, 62, 63–64, 70, 78, 81, 100, 102–4, 106, 111, 117, 118, 119, 122–23, 126, 136, 140. See also Colleges and universities

Locke, John, 7, 80, 93, 135, 136

Logan, George, 21, 138

Logan, James, 70

Lough, John, 76–77, 80

Loughrey, Mary E., 52, 59, 81, 124

Louis-Philippe, 17

Lowell, James, 38

Loy, J. Robert, 110, 113

Lundberg, David, 53

Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de, 139–40

McDermott, John F., 99

Madison, James, 5, 50, 64, 82, 86, 90, 95, 119, 122–23, 129

and French, 29, 45–46

concern of with Buffon, 70

on Montesquieu’s doctrine of separation of powers, 98

cited Voltaire, 104

familiar with Diderot’s work, 111

cited Encyclopédie, 117

made use of Mably, 140

Madison, James, Bishop, 127

Magazines, 53, 65, 71, 143

Malone, Dumas, 45

Marmontel, Jean-François, 62

Marsak, Leonard M., 79

Mason, George, 36

Mather, Cotton, 31, 35, 63

Mauzi, Robert, 2

May, Henry F., 53

Mazzei, Philip, 139–40

Miller, Samuel, 56, 59, 60, 64, 66, 74–75, 115, 116, 119, 120, 127, 132, 136

and appreciation of Fontenelle and other writers, 79–80

on Helvétius, 83

and judgment of Diderot, 112

Millot, Abbé, 60

Molière, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, 60–61

Monroe, James, 19, 37, 119, 135

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 60

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondât, baron de La Brède et de, 64, 65, 76, 77, 85

advertisements of books, 88

Spirit of Laws “better seller” in 17–74

familiarity with and use as textbook, 89

as an American “classic” by 1787, 89

as handbook of political information, 89

and subjects of appeals to his authority, 91

and doctrine of separation of powers, 91, 92, 93–94, 96, 98

and “false views” of English constitution, 94, 95

concerning the judiciary, 96

influence of on Constitution of the United States, 98, 144

Morais, Herbert M., 27, 133

Moreau de Saint-Méry, 26, 38, 51, 69, 79, 80, 113, 114, 117, 123

Morgan, John, 21

Morize, André, 143

Morris, Gouverneur, 5, 17, 19, 20, 47, 121

Morris, Robert, 36, 47, 122

Mott, Frank Luther, 57, 58, 66–67, 134

Murphey, Archibald, 106

Murray, William Vans, 19, 139

Nancrède, Joseph, 37, 38, 39, 71, 80, 113

National Assembly, 23

National Convention, 24

New Jersey, College of. See Colleges and universities

Newspapers (gazettes), American, 52–53, 64–65, 89, 143

Newspapers, French, 17

Newton, Sir Isaac, 7, 9

Nisbet, Charles, 70, 131, 189 (n. 3)

North Carolina, University of. See Colleges and universities

Nye, Russel B., 10, 50–51

Ogden, Uzal, 84, 115–16

Padover, Saul K., 5

Paine, Thomas, 24, 84, 121

Palmer, Elihu, 84, 129, 134, 136

Palmer, R. R., 12

Panckoucke, Charles-Joseph. See Encyclopédie méthodique

Parrington, Vernon Louis, 138

Parties, political, 4, 25, 26, 27

Pascal, Blaise, 61–62

Peale, Charles Willson, 72, 74

Perfectibility. See Condorcet

Philadelphia, College of. See Colleges and universities

Philosophes, 7, 9, 15, 26, 27, 76, 85, 105, 110, 112, 113, 115, 121, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 135, 144, 169 (n. 4)

definition and beliefs of, 77

Helvétius and Holbach compared, 80

Physiocracy, 138, 140

Physiocrats, 138

Pollock, Sir Frederick, 94

Population, 13

sale of books in proportion to, 67

Preacher, The Lay (Joseph Dennie), 60, 84

Proclamation of Neutrality, 25

Progress, 126, 127, 128, 188 (n. 47)

Quakers, 23, 48

Quesnay de Beaurepaire, 17

Rabelais, François, 60

Racine, Jean, 61

Raddin, George G, Jr., 39, 85

Randolph, John (of Roanoke), 37, 78, 99, 103, 117

Raynal, Guillaume, 59, 60, 73, 76, 140

Reitzel, William, 62

Republicans, 25, 27

Restif de la Bretonne, Nicolas, 49

Revolution, American, 2, 8, 9, 48, 112, 130

Revolution, French, 16, 24–25, 26, 48, 84, 103, 112, 131, 133, 144

Rhode Island College (Brown University). See Colleges and universities

Richard, Gabriel, 118

Riley, I. W., 71, 85

Rittenhouse, David, 72

Rollin, Charles, 58, 59, 66

and success of Histoire ancienne, 144

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 7, 8, 55, 57, 66, 76, 77, 85, 132

La Nouvelle Héloïse and the early American novel, 143

vogue of Emile, 144

Du Contrat social, 76, 144

Rumsey, James, 23

Rush, Benjamin, 21–22, 38, 78, 123, 135, 136

knew French and advocated study of, 46–47

visited Diderot, 110

Rush, Jacob, 113–14

Saint-Mémin, Févret de, 17

Schachner, Nathan, 25

Scotch teachers of French, 47–48, 79

Seeber, Edward D., 59, 104–5

Separation of governmental powers. See Constitution of England; Constitution of the United States; Constitutional Convention of 1787; Montesquieu

Shackleton, Robert, 76

Shapley, Harlow, 73

Shera, J. H., 64

Shippen, William, Jr., 21, 69

Short, William, 36–37, 45, 70, 103, 117, 121, 129

Silliman, Benjamin, 127

Skipwith, Robert, 49, 62, 78, 102

Slavery, 124–25, 186 (n. 28)

Smart, George K., 58, 138, 182 (n. 65)

Smith, William, 35

Smyth, Albert H., 18

South Carolina College. See Colleges and universities

Sowerby, E. Millicent, 50

State constitutions, 88, 92, 93

Stourzh, Gerald, 10

Strout, Cushing, 25

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de, 17, 48

Ticknor, Elisha, 38

Townsend, Harvey Gates, 49

Tracy, Destutt de, 90, 137

Travelers, American, in France, 17–18, 22–23

Travelers, French, in America, 17, 85, 116, 135

Treaty of Paris, 4

Trollope, Frances, 109, 112

Trumbull, John, 23

Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 138–39

Umbreit, Kenneth, 45

Union College. See Colleges and universities

Vanderlyn, John, 23

Van Duzer, Charles Hunter, 136–37

Vernon, William Henry, 23

Vertot, René Aubert de, 59

Volney, Constantin, comte de, 26, 85, 132

Les Ruines, 133, 134, 144

disillusionment with United States, 135

influence on deistic movement, 140, 144

Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet, 7–8, 9, 18, 21, 57, 58–60, 61, 76, 78, 84, 85, 132, 133, 140

and vogue of histories, 58–59, 100–101, 107

books by in southern libraries, 102–4

Candide, 102, 106, 107

and success of histories, 144

and influence on deistic movement, 144

Wade, Ira, 108

War of the Revolution, 15, 16, 48, 63, 142

War, undeclared naval, 48

Washington, George, 16, 17, 135

encouraged study of French, 39–40

Watson, Elkanah, 14, 22

Webster, Daniel, 69

Webster, Noah, 24, 35, 37, 38, 46, 83, 128, 131, 141

Weeks, Stephen B., 58

Weems, Mason Locke (Parson Weems), 54, 55, 102

Wertenbaker, Thomas J., 13, 101, 104

West, Benjamin, 23

Wheeler, Joseph T., 60, 100–101

William and Mary, College of. See Colleges and universities

Williams, David, 124

Wills, Garry, 2

Winthrop, John, Jr., 63

Witherspoon, John, 15, 31, 35, 48, 55, 61, 66

Women, rights of, 124

Wood, Gordon S., 97

Wright, Joseph, 23

Wright, Louis B., 4

XYZ Affair, 26, 48

Yale. See Colleges and universities

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