Bibliography
Manuscript Collections
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kans.
Papers of Robert B. Anderson
Papers of William Merrill Whitman
Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, Mass.
Papers of Ernst Mayr
Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta, Ga.
Assistant to the President Joseph Aragon
George D. Moffett Papers
National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Country File
Office of the Chief of Staff Files
Records of the Domestic Policy Staff
Science and Technology Advisor to the President
White House Central File
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Declassified Documents Reference System
Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library, Austin, Tex.
National Security File, Country File: Latin America—Nicaragua, Panama
National Security File, Files of Charles E. Johnson
Office Files of Harry McPherson
Personal Papers of William J. Jorden
National Academy of Sciences Archives, Washington, D.C.
Division of Biology and Agriculture Collection, Committee on Ecological Research for Interoceanic Canal, 1969–1970
Smithsonian Institution Archives, Washington, D.C.
RU 99, Office of the Secretary, Records, 1964–1971
RU 108, Assistant Secretary for Science, Records, 1963–1973
RU 136, National Museum of Natural History, Dept. of Vertebrate Zoology, Departmental Records, 1954–1970
RU 470, Contracts Office, Records, 1953–1990
RU 526, Assistant Secretary for Research, Records, circa 1973–1990
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.
RG 220, Records of the Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic Canal Study Commission, 1965–1970
Online Archives and Oral Histories
Alderson, George. “Interview with George Alderson.” By Ted Hudson, April 15, 1982. In Sierra Club Oral History Project. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1989. http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/sc_nationwide3.pdf.
Graves, Ernest. Engineer Memoirs: Lieutenant General Ernest Graves, U.S. Army. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1997. http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerPamphlets/EP_870-1-52.pdf.
Irwin, John N., II. Interview with John N. Irwin II. By Gordon W. Evans, May 30, 1991. Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1991. https://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib000554/.
Papers of Ernest F. “Fritz” Hollings, South Carolina Political Collections, University of South Carolina Libraries, Columbia, S.C. https://digital.library.sc.edu/collections/fritz-hollings-in-his-own-words/.
Papers of Walter F. Mondale, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minn. http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00697.xml.
Sayre, Robert M. Interview with Robert M. Sayre. By Thomas J. Dunnigan, Oct. 31, 1995. Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1995. https://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib001021/.
Selected Government Documents
Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic Canal Study Commission. Interoceanic Canal Studies 1970. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Beeton, Alfred M. Report of the Committee on Ecological Effects of a Sea Level Canal, Environmental Studies Board to the Honorable Frank Press. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1977.
“Bibliography of Panama Canal Issues.” Congressional Record—Senate, July 10, 1967, 18114–19.
Congressional Research Service. Background Documents Relating to the Panama Canal Prepared for the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977.
Conn, Stetson, Rose C. Engelman, and Byron Fairchild. Guarding the United States and Its Outposts. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000.
Flood, Daniel J. “1971 Statement before the Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs,” Sept. 22, 1971; repr. in Hearings before the Subcommittee on Separations of Powers of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, Part 2, July 29, 1977, 61–73. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977.
Flood, Daniel J. Isthmian Canal Policy Questions: Selected Addresses by Representative Daniel J. Flood of Pennsylvania. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966.
Ford, Harold P. CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers: Three Episodes, 1962–1968. N.p.: CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1998.
Gravel, Mike. The Panama Canal—A Reexamination: A Report to the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002941625.
Graves, Earnest. “Nuclear Excavation of a Sea-level, Isthmian Canal.” In Proceedings of the Third Plowshare Symposium: Engineering with Nuclear Explosives (April 21, 22, 23, 1964), 321–34; repr. in U.S. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Peaceful Applications of Nuclear Explosives, 365–78. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000964076.
———, Robert Holmes, Milo Nordyke, Lewis J. Cauthen, and Marvin M. Williamson. Isthmian Canal Studies—1964; Appendix 1: Nuclear Excavation Plan. Livermore, Calif.: Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Sept. 1964.https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101702267.
Hacker, Barton C. Fallout from Plowshare: Peaceful Nuclear Explosions and the Environment, 1956–1973. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Contract LLNL-CONF-464374, 2010.
Irwin, John N., II. “NSC Under Secretaries Committee Memorandum for the President.” June 10, 1971. Retrieved from the Declassified Documents Reference System. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.
Isthmian Canal Studies Board of Consultants. Report to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, United States Congress, on a Long-Range Program for the Panama Canal […] June 1, 1960. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1960. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102005084.
Mehaffey, J. C. Report of the Governor of the Panama Canal: Isthmian Canal Studies—1947. Balboa Heights, Canal Zone: n.p., 1947. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00029641/00011.
Morgenstern, Oskar, and Klaus-Peter Heiss. General Report on the Economics of the Peaceful Uses of Underground Nuclear Explosions. Princeton: Mathematica, Aug 31, 1967. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4289629.
Panama Canal Company. The Panama Canal: The Third Locks Project. Balboa Heights, Canal Zone: n.p., 1941. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00019286/00001.
Panama Canal Company and Canal Zone Government. Annual Report: Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1965. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965.
Rea, Kennedy F., and Marcellus C. Shield. Statements for the Seventieth Congress, Second Session: Appropriations, Budget Estimates, Etc. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1929.
Report of the Board of Consulting Engineers for the Panama Canal. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001515101.
Rubinoff, Ira. Statement. Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Panama Canal of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee, House of Representatives, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session on C. Z. Biological Area Authorization, March 22, 1977, 15–22. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977.
Teller, Edward. “The Plowshare Program.” In Proceedings of the Second Plowshare Symposium, Part I: Phenomenology of Underground Nuclear Explosions, edited by Lawrence Radiation Laboratory-Livermore and AEC-San Francisco Operations Office, 8–13. N.p.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1959. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007842421.
Thompson, Theos J. “Improving the Quality of Life—Can Plowshare Help?” In Vol. 1 of Symposium on Engineering with Nuclear Explosives, Las Vegas, NV, 14–16 Jan 1970: Proceedings, 1–4. American Nuclear Society and U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, May 1970. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102756714.
U.S. Congress. House. National Outdoor Recreation Programs and Policies: Hearings before the Subcommittee on National Parks and Recreation of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives [. . .] March 13, 15, 16, 22, and 23, 1973. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973.
U.S. Congress. House. Sea-Level Canal Studies: Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Panama Canal of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Ninety-Fifth Congress on H.R. 10087 and H.R. 13176, June 21, 27, 28, 1978. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00006070/00001.
U.S. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Biological and Environmental Effects of Nuclear War. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Radiation of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States, Eighty-Sixth Congress […] June 22, 23, 25, 25, and 26, 1959. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001560661.
U.S. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Peaceful Applications of Nuclear Explosives—Plowshare. Hearing before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States, Eighty-Ninth Congress […] January 5, 1965. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000964076.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Authorizing the President to Appoint a Commission to Study the Feasibility of, and Most Suitable Site for, the Second Interoceanic Canal Connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Report (to Accompany S. 2701). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Eighty-Eighth Congress, First Session, on [. . .] the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Underwater, Signed at Moscow on August 5, 1963 […] August 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, and 27, 1963. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1963. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100666977.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Second Transisthmian Canal: Hearings before the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, Eighty-Eighth Congress, Second Session, on S. 2428, a Bill to Authorize a Study of Means of Increasing the Capacity and Security of the Panama Canal, and for Other Purposes; and S. 2497, a Bill to Provide for an Investigation and Study to Determine a Site for the Construction of a Sea Level Interoceanic Canal Through the American Isthmus. March 3 and 4, 1964. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964.
U.S. Congress. Senate. The Proposed Panama Canal Treaties: A Digest of Information; Prepared for the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, by Its Subcommittee on Separation of Powers. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978.
U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. Fifth Annual Report. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974.
U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Federal Task Force on Alaskan Oil Development. Final Environmental Impact Statement: Proposed Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972.
U.S. Department of State. Final Environmental Impact Statement for the New Panama Canal Treaties. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007474489.
U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States. history.state.gov.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948. Vol. 9, The Western Hemisphere. Edited by Almon R. Wright, Velma Hastings Cassidy, and David H. Stauffer. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v09.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957. Vol. 7, American Republics: Central and South America. Edited by Edith James, N. Stephen Kane, Robert McMahon, and Delia Pitts. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1988. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v07.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963. Vol. 12, American Republics. Edited by Edward C. Keefer, Harriet Dashiell Schwar, and W. Taylor Fain III. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1996. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v12.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Vol. 11, Arms Control and Disarmament. Edited by Evans Gerakas, David S. Patterson, and Carolyn B. Yee. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1997. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v11.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968. Vol. 31, South and Central America; Mexico. Edited by David C. Geyer and David H. Herschler. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2004. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v31.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976. Vol. E–10, Documents on American Republics, 1969–1972. Edited by Douglas Kraft and James Siekmeier. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2009. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve10.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976. Vol. 22, Panama, 1973–1976. Edited by Bradley L. Coleman, Alexander O. Poster, and James F. Siekmeier. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2015. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v22.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980. Vol. 29, Panama. Edited by Laura R. Kolar. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2016. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v29.
U.S. Department of State. “Panama Canal Treaty: Implementation of Article IV, Use of Defense Sites.” In United States Treaties and Other International Agreements. Vol. 33, Part I, 1979–1981, 313–14. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987.
U.S. General Accounting Office. Briefing Report to the Honorable Webb Franklin, House of Representatives: Panama Canal; Establishment of Commission to Study Sea-Level Canal and Alternatives. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1986. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011411182.
U.S. Office of the Federal Register. National Archives and Records Service. General Services Administration. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1977. Vols. 1 and 2. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, 1977. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004732130.
———. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963–64. Vols. 1 and 2. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, 1965. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004730949.
———. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, 1966. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004730960.
———. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1966. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, 1967. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004731549.
———. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968–1969. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, 1970. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004731573.
———. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon, 1969. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, 1970. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004731731.
———. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon, 1970. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, 1971. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004731750.
———. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon, 1971. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, 1972. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004731800.
U.S. Office of Technology Assessment. “Environmental Issues Affecting the Panama Canal: Working Paper Prepared for House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Subcommittee on Panama Canal, Dec. 15, 1978”; repr. in U.S. Congress, Canal Operation under 1977 Treaty—Part 2: Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Panama Canal of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives [. . .], 974–1010. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1979.
Vortman, L. J. “Excavation of a Sea-Level Ship Canal.” In Proceedings of the Second Plowshare Symposium, May 13–15, 1959, San Francisco, California, Part II: Excavation, edited by Lawrence Radiation Laboratory-Livermore and AEC-San Francisco Operations Office, 71–88. N.p.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1959. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007842422.
Wadsworth, Frank. “Deforestation: Death to the Panama Canal.” In Proceedings of the U.S. Strategy Conference on Tropical Deforestation. Washington: U.S. Department of State and U.S. Agency for International Development, 1978.
Walker, John G. Report of the Isthmian Canal Commission, 1899–1901. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012142615.
Werth, Glenn C. “Closing Remarks.” In Vol. 2 of Symposium on Engineering with Nuclear Explosives, Las Vegas, NV, 14–16 Jan 1970: Proceedings, 1771–75. American Nuclear Society and U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, May 1970. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102756714.
Wolfe, John. “The Ecological Aspects of Project Chariot.” In Proceedings of the Second Plowshare Symposium, May 13–15, 1959, San Francisco, California, Part II: Excavation, edited by Lawrence Radiation Laboratory-Livermore and AEC-San Francisco Operations Office, 60–66. N.p.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1959. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007842422.
Selected Periodicals
Atlantic Monthly
Chicago Tribune
Christian Science Monitor
Los Angeles Times
New Scientist
New York Times
Panama American
Popular Mechanics
The Scientist
Science News
Star & Herald (Panama)
U.S. News & World Report
Wall Street Journal
Washington Post
Washington Star
Published Primary Sources
Alderson, George. How You Can Influence Congress: The Complete Handbook for the Citizen Lobbyist. New York: Dutton, 1979.
Allen, Emory Adams. Our Canal in Panama: The Greatest Achievement in the World’s History. Cincinnati: United States Publishing Company, 1913.
Aron, William I., and Stanford H. Smith. “Ship Canals and Aquatic Ecosystems.” Science 174 (1971): 13–20.
Baker, Herbert G., and G. Ledyard Stebbins, eds. The Genetics of Colonizing Species. New York: Academic Press, 1965.
“Baron von Humboldt’s Encouragement, given in 1856, to the United Efforts of all the Maritime Nations for the Construction of a Ship-Passage to the Pacific Ocean [. . .].” In Vol. 1 of The Writings of William Paterson, Founder of the Bank of England; with Biographical Notices of the Author, His Contemporaries, and His Race, edited by S. Bannister, 280–83. London: Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange, 1858.
Battelle Memorial Institute. Environmental Impact Assessment for Darien Gap Highway from Tocumen, Panama, to Rio Leon, Colombia. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Memorial Institute, 1974. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100981181.
Bayer, Frederick M., Gilbert L. Voss, and C. Richard Robins. Bioenvironmental and Radiological Safety Feasibility Studies, Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic Canal: Report on the Marine Fauna and Benthic Shelf-Slope Communities of the Isthmian Region, No. BMI–171–38. University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 1970.
Belinfante, A. D., Gustaf Petren, and Navroz Vakil. Report on the Events in Panama, January 9–12, 1964. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 1964. https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1964/01/Panama-disturbances-fact-finding-mission-report-1964-eng.pdf.
Bennett, Ira E. The History of the Panama Canal: Its Construction and Builders. Washington, D.C.: Historical Publishing Company, 1915.
Bidwell, Charles Toll. The Isthmus of Panamá. London: Chapman and Hall, 1865.
Boffey, Philip M. The Brain Bank of America: An Inquiry into the Politics of Science. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975.
———. “Sea-Level Canal: How the Academy’s Voice Was Muted.” Science 171 (1971): 355–58.
Bowman, Waldo O. “Puzzle in Panama.” Engineering News-Record 138 (May 1, 1947); repr. in Annual Report of the Board of Regents of Smithsonian Institution, 1947, 407–28. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1948.
Briggs, John C. “An International Symposium: The Sea-Level Panama Canal Controversy.” Defenders of Wildlife News (Jan. 1973): 60–62.
———. Marine Zoogeography. New York: McGraw Hill, 1974.
———. “Panama’s Sea-Level Canal.” Science 162 (1968): 511–13.
———. “Relationship of the Tropical Shelf Regions.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Tropical Oceanography, 569–78. University of Miami Institute of Marine Sciences, 1967.
———. “The Sea-Level Panama Canal: Potential Biological Catastrophe.” BioScience 19 (1969): 44–47.
Brower, David R. “We Cannot Stand By Silent.” Not Man Apart 7, no. 19 (Nov. 1977): 1.
——— et al. to Jimmy Carter. Jan. 30, 1979; repr. in U.S. Congress, Panama Canal Implementing Legislation: Hearing and Markup before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives [. . .] April 4 and 5, 1979, 84–85. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1979.
Buechner, Helmut K., and F. Raymond Fosberg. “A Contribution toward a World Program in Tropical Biology.” BioScience 17 (1967): 532–38.
Buel, C. C. “Piercing the American Isthmus.” Scribner’s Monthly 18 (1879): 268–80.
Carlton, James T. “Transoceanic and Interoceanic Dispersal of Coastal Marine Organisms: The Biology of Ballast Water.” Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 23 (1985): 313–71.
Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. 1962; repr., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
Carter, Jimmy. An Outdoor Journal: Adventures and Reflections. New York: Bantam Books, 1988.
Carter, Luther J. “Carter Places Environment High on Agenda.” Science 196 (1977): 1065.
———. “National Academy of Sciences: Unrest among the Ecologists.” Science 159 (1968): 287–89.
———. “Pipeline Problems Exacerbate West Coast Oil Surplus.” Science 201 (1978): 594–98.
———. “Rio Blanco: Stimulating Gas and Conflict in Colorado.” Science 180 (1973): 844–48.
Chan, Farrah T., and Elizabeta Briski. “An Overview of Recent Research in Marine Biological Invasions.” Marine Biology 164 (2017): 121.
Chesher, Richard H. “Destruction of Pacific Corals by the Sea Star Acanthaster planci.” Science 165 (1969): 280–83.
———. “Transport of Marine Plankton through the Panama Canal.” Limnology and Oceanography 13 (1968): 387–88.
Cicchetti, Charles J. Alaskan Oil: Alternative Routes and Markets. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.
Cole, LaMont C. “Can the World Be Saved?” BioScience 18 (1968): 679–84.
Collins, Frederick. “The Isthmus of Darien and the Valley of the Atrato Considered with Reference to the Practicability of an Interoceanic Ship-Canal.” Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York 5 (1874): 138–65.
Committee on Ecological Research for the Interoceanic Canal. Marine Ecological Research for the Central American Interoceanic Canal. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1970.
Commoner, Barry. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology. New York: Knopf, 1971.
Condit, Richard. “Extracting Environmental Benefits from a New Canal in Nicaragua: Lessons from Panama.” PLoS Biology 13 (2015): e1002208.
Cowan, Richard S., D. Davis, P. S. Humphrey, W. H. Klein, P. C. Ritterbush, and S. Shelter. “Meetings.” BioScience 15 (1965): 607–8.
Dawson, C. E. “Occurrence of an Exotic Eleotrid Fish in Panamá with Discussion of Probable Origin and Mode of Introduction.” Copeia, no. 1 (1973): 141–44.
de Lesseps, Ferdinand. “The Panama Canal.” Science 8 (1886): 517–20. Donoghue, Joan E. “Japan-Panama-United States: Exchange of Notes Establishing Commission for the Study of Alternatives to the Panama Canal.” International Legal Materials 25 (1986): 63–73.
Dreyfus, Daniel A., and Helen M. Ingram. “The National Environmental Policy Act: A View of Intent and Practice.” Natural Resources Journal 16 (1976): 243–62.
Dunson, William A. “Sea Snakes and the Sea Level Canal Controversy.” In The Biology of Sea Snakes, edited by William A. Dunson, 517–24. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1975.
Eisenhower, Milton S. The Wine Is Bitter: The United States and Latin America. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963.
Elton, Charles S. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. 1958; repr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Elton, Charlotte. “Japan and Panama: The Role of the Panama Canal.” In Japan, the United States, and Latin America: Toward a Trilateral Relationship in the Western Hemisphere?, edited by Barbara Stallings and Gabriel Székely, 210–28. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 1993.
———. “Japan and Panama: Who Is Setting the Agenda?” MIT Japan Program. Paper presented at the XV International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Miami, Fla. December 1989. https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/17081/JP-WP-90-02-22164814.pdf?sequence=1.
Fitz-Roy, Robert. “Considerations on the Great Isthmus of Central America.” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 20 (1850): 161–89.
Foster, William C. “Risks of Nuclear Proliferation: New Directions in Arms Control and Disarmament.” Foreign Affairs (1965): 587–601.
Freestone, Amy L., Gregory M. Ruiz, and Mark E. Torchin. “Stronger Biotic Resistance in Tropics Relative to Temperate Zone: Effects of Predation on Marine Invasion Dynamics.” Ecology 94 (2013): 1370–77.
Geburzi, Jonas C., and Morgan L. McCarthy. “How Do They Do It?—Understanding the Success of Marine Invasive Species.” In YOUMARES 8—Oceans across Boundaries: Learning from Each Other, edited by Simon Jungblut, Viola Liebich, and Maya Bode, 109–24. Springer, Cham, 2018.
Golley, Frank Benjamin, J. T. McGinnis, R. G. Clements, G. I. Child, and M. J. Duever. “The Structure of Tropical Forests in Panama and Colombia.” BioScience 19 (1969): 693–96.
Graham, J. B., I. Rubinoff, and M. K. Hecht. “Temperature Physiology of the Sea Snake Pelamis platurus: An Index of Its Colonization Potential in the Atlantic Ocean.” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68 (1971): 1360–63.
Hanbury-Tenison, A. R., and P. J. K. Burton. “Should the Darien Gap Be Closed?” Geographical Journal 139 (1973): 43–52.
Härer, Andreas, Julián Torres‐Dowdall, and Axel Meyer. “The Imperiled Fish Fauna in the Nicaragua Canal Zone.” Conservation Biology 31 (2017): 86–95.
Haskin, Frederic J. The Panama Canal. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1913.
Hayashi, Fumio, and Edward C. Prescott. “The 1990s in Japan: A Lost Decade.” Review of Economic Dynamics 5 (2002): 206–35.
Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. “Light and Shadows in the Management of the Panama Canal Watershed.” In The Rio Chagres: A Multidisciplinary Perspective of a Tropical River Basin, edited by Russell S. Harmon, 28–44. Dordrecht: Springer, 2005.
Hildebrand, Samuel F. “The Panama Canal as a Passageway for Fishes, with List and Remarks on the Fishes and Invertebrates.” Zoologica 24 (1939): 15–45.
Hubbs, Carl L. “Need for Thorough Inventory of Tropical American Marine Biotas before Completion of an Interoceanic Sea-Level Canal.” In 1968 Symposium on Investigations and Resources of the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions, 467–70. Paris: UNESCO, 1971.
———, and T. E. B. Pope. “The Spread of the Sea Lamprey through the Great Lakes.” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 66 (1937): 172–76.
Huete-Pérez, Jorge A., Axel Meyer, and Pedro J. Alvarez. “Rethink the Nicaragua Canal.” Science 347 (2015): 355.
———, Jose G. Tundisi, and Pedro J. Alvarez. “Will Nicaragua’s Interoceanic Canal Result in an Environmental Catastrophe for Central America?” Environmental Science and Technology 47 (2013): 13217–19.
———, Manuel Ortega-Hegg, Gerald R. Urquhart, Alan P. Covich, Katherine Vammen, Bruce E. Rittmann, Julio C. Miranda, et al. “Critical Uncertainties and Gaps in the Environmental-and Social-Impact Assessment of the Proposed Interoceanic Canal through Nicaragua.” BioScience 66 (2016): 632–45.
———, Pedro J. J. Alvarez, Jerald L. Schnoor, Bruce E. Rittmann, Anthony Clayton, Maria L. Acosta, Carlos E. M. Bicudo, et al. “Scientists Raise Alarms about Fast Tracking of Transoceanic Canal through Nicaragua.” Environmental Science and Technology 49 (2015): 3989–96.
Humboldt, Alexander von. Alexander von Humboldt to Frederick M. Kelley, May 12, 1856. Reprinted in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London 1 (1857): 69–71.
———. Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. Vol. 1. Translated by E. C. Otté. 1845; repr., London: Bell and Daldy, 1871.
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