INDEX
Note: Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Abrams, Elliott, 242n12
Aching, Gerard, 23
Adams, Elbridge L., 214n29
Adams, Thomas, Sr., 222n4
advertising, Latino, 13, 161n5, 167n27
Africana diasporas, 29, 90, 171n32, 219n47
categories of, 178n50
Chicano/a movement and, 227n22
definitions of, 159n1
future of, 175n40
Grillo on, 43–54
Northern migrations of, 193n35
Southern relocation of, 185n14
un-Latinized, 48
African American studies, 19, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 64, 160n4
Afro-Cubans, 218–19nn47–49
Grillo on, 43–54
mestizaje and, 113. See also Africana diasporas
Afro–Latin Americans, 8–9
Afro-Latin@s, 8–9, 13, 19, 152, 181n8, 256n5
afromestizos, 231n35
Afro-Venezuelans, 95
Alabama, 191n31, 196n46, 213n24, 215n35
Alarcón, Daniel, 173n36
alienation, 20, 57, 141–42, 166n26, 171n32, 178n49, 191n30, 243n14, 250n27
Allen, Irving Lewis, 200n55
Almendárez Coello, Renán (“El Cucuy de la Mañana”), 225n13, 254n36
Along This Way (James Weldon Johnson), 62, 68–76, 79, 200n54
Alvarez, Julia, 167n27, 175n39, 247n20
American-Americanness, 140–41
American studies, 19, 24–25, 33–39, 65, 140–42, 163n14, 192n33
Anaya, Toney, 240n4
Andrews, William L., 113
Anzaldúa, Gloria, 21, 30, 57, 92
on brownness, 110, 114–15, 118–21, 228n27, 235n49
“New Mestiza revolutionary theory” of, 237n54
on Spanish speakers, 231n37
Aparicio, Frances, 243n14, 251n32
Ardizzone, Heidi, 201n57
Arellano, Gustavo, 125
Arias, Arturo, 22, 128, 139, 141–43, 248n23, 249n25, 250n27
Arrieta, Rolando, 255n1
de la Campa on, 197n49
Asian American studies, 190n30, 257n10
Asians, 165n21
immigration quotas for, 217n41
segregation laws and, 231n35
Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man (James Weldon Johnson), 64, 67, 70–73, 79–80, 96, 205n65, 208–9nn10–12
Baca, Damián, 152
Baker, Houston A., Jr., 27, 181n6
Baker, Josephine, 89
Baldwin, James, 58
banana republics, 124, 130–31, 239n2, 243n14
Barba Salinas, Manuel, 249n25
Barthes, Roland, 83
Bebout, Lee, 166n24
creole language of, 214n31. See also Central Americans
Bencastro, Mario, 245–46n17
Bender, Thomas, 30
Benz, Stephen, 78–79
Berland, Jody, 194n40
Bernabé, Monica, 65
Bierce, Ambrose, 131
Big Sea, The (Langston Hughes), 62, 80–81, 111, 233n41
Afro-Latinidad and, 13
Central Americanness and, 124
Indianness as, 93–101, 112, 118–19
Vasconcelos on, 233n42
whiteness and, 106–7, 160n4, 221n3. See also brownness
Blanc, Mel, 211n20
Bogle, Donald, 235n49
Bolton, John, 242n12
Boon, Marcus, 3–4
“global,” 40
Texan culture of, 182n10
urbanism of, 181n7
Borges, Jorge Luis, 220n51
Brady, Mary Pat, 84
Brazilians, 144
Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, The (Junot Díaz), 13–15, 35, 113, 136
Brody, Jennifer DeVere, 199n53
Brown, Leslie, 182n9
Afro-Latinidad and, 13
dark, 2–9, 13–17, 21–24, 93–101, 114–21, 146
of Latinidad, 162n7
and Latino/a studies, 121–22
whiteness and, 106–7, 160n4, 221n3. See also blackness
“Bulldozer Revolution,” 185n14
Bush, George H. W., 127
Bush, George W., 242n12
Business of Illusion (Vargas), 153–54, 154
Butler, Judith, 108
Cain, Will, 168n27
Calafell, Marie, 180–81n5
Calderón, Felipe, 94–95
Calderón, Héctor, 39–40
Canadian studies, 194n40
Candelario, Ginetta E. B., 230n32
caramelo, 86–87, 90, 98–99, 224n11
Carby, Hazel V., 48–49
Cardenal, Ernesto, 244n14
Caribbean: Anglophone, 177n48, 194n40
immigrants from, 10, 159n1, 212n22, 230n32
Mexico and, 231n36
Caribbean Philosophical Association (CPA), 185n13
Carrillo Rowe, Aimee, 162n11
Carroll, Rory, 95
Carruthers, Ben Frederic, 90
Carter, Jimmy, 52
Castellanos, M. Bianet, 222n7
Castellanos Moya, Horacio, 94, 222n6, 249n25
Castillo, Ana, 35, 175n39, 190n28
Central American–Americanness, 22, 126–28, 136–50, 242n12, 247n20, 250n27, 252n34
Central Americans, 9, 10, 22–23, 123–29, 137–38, 144
British heritage of, 177n48
Cold War and, 127, 133, 135–36, 240n4
iconography of, 127–28
indigenousness of, 146
Mexican cultural practices and, 254n36
in New Mexico, 240n4
Parenti on, 249n25
quinceañeras of, 168n27
Reagan on, 250n29
Tobar’s representations of, 178n49
transnational gangs of, 142, 246n18. See also specific countries
Césaire, Aimé, 220n51
Chabram-Dernersesian, Angie, 16, 193n36, 251n32
Chapman, Peter, 239n2
Chávez, César, 232n40
Chávez, Hugo, 95
Chávez-Silverman, Susana, 243n14
Chesnutt, Charles W., 188n20, 216n36
Chicago, Latinos in, 12, 135, 170n31, 251n32
Chicano/a culture, 115, 192n33
brownness and, 93–122
literature of, 248n22
Chicano/a movement, 101–2, 165n24, 224n9
African American collaboration in, 227n22
development of, 226n18
“Guatepeorianness” and, 129
Chicano/a studies, 36, 40, 64, 115, 147–48, 238n1, 251n32
Central Americanness and, 126
Latino/a studies and, 232nn37–38
Chicano Messengers of Spoken Word, 224n10
Chicanos/Chicanas, 144–45
borderland theories and, 39–40
Brown Berets of, 165n24, 226n18
Brown Pride among, 101
Calafell on, 180–81n5
definition of, 223n9
identity markers of, 21
with indigenous ancestry, 102
as manual laborers, 116, 232n40
new immigrants and, 166n26
origin of term, 226n18
as “Panchos,” 214n30
Spanish of, 231n37. See also Latinos/Latinas; Mexican Americans
chicle workers, 221–22n4
Cisneros, Sandra, 85, 87, 98–99, 175n39, 225n14
Clark, Septima, 190n29
Claros, Marta (fictional character), 134, 247n19
Clay, Felix, 233n42
Cold War: Central America and, 127, 133, 135–36, 240n4
Cuba and, 220n52
Collins, Patricia Hill, 35
Connell, Raewyn, 18, 40, 42, 139
Contreras, Sheila Marie, 227n21
Cooper, Julia, 198n52
Cooppan, Vilashini, 19
Coronil, Fernando, 219n49
Cortes, Carlos, 255n1
Cortés, Hernán, 74
Costa Rica, 75–76, 124, 130, 244n14. See also Central Americans
Coutin, Susan Bibler, 54–55
Crichlow, Michaeline, 252n34
Crusade for Justice, 226n18
Cruz, Nilo, 35
Cuadros, Paul, 29, 166n26, 187n17
Cuban Americans, 10, 124, 135, 144–48
Grillo on, 43–53
James Weldon Johnson on, 69
quinceañeras of, 168n27
dark brownness (lo prieto), 2–9, 13–17, 21–24, 93–101, 114–21, 146. See also brownness
Davidman, Lynn, 53
Davidson, Peter, 58
Davis, Gregson, 66
Day of the Dead, 169n29
de Acosta, Alejandro, 3
décalage, 29, 47, 188n18, 205n67
De Genova, Nicholas, 12, 127, 135, 170n31
de la Campa, Román, 39, 112–13, 197n49
Derricotte, Toi, 204n65
De Veaux, Alexis, 228n27
on blackness, 113
on brownness, 103
popularity in Latin America of, 173n36
—works of: The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, 13–15, 35, 113, 136
Díaz Neiro, Teresa, 106
Didion, Joan, 124
Dominican Americans, 10, 14–15, 35, 142, 150, 230n32, 247n20
Dora the Explorer (TV show), 152–56, 254–56nn1–3
double consciousness: Canadian, 194n40
of Du Bois, 2, 19–20, 160nn3–4
Falconi and Mazzotti on, 176n42
Kelley on, 160n4
Moraga on, 118
Sparke on, 41
Douglas, Mary, 104
Douglass, Frederick, 110
Down These Mean Streets (Piri Thomas), 22, 112, 176n46, 224n12, 230n30, 234n33
autobiography of, 56
on colorism, 111–12, 119, 123, 162–63nn11–12, 238n1
double consciousness of, 2, 19–20, 160nn3–4
on Durham, N.C., 182n9
as editor of Crisis, 176n45
on poverty, 185n14
on race “problem,” 55–57, 203n62
on white otherness, 22–23
Dworkin y Méndez, Kenya, 44
Edwards, Brent Hayes, 29, 188n18, 238n1
Edwards, Brian T., 163n14
Eiffel Tower, 83–84
Ellison, Ralph, 181n6
El Salvador, 124, 136, 142, 148, 239n4
Arias on, 248n23
García Márquez on, 241n6
literature of, 249n25
Mistral on, 241n10. See also Central Americans
Emancipation Proclamation, 214n28
Emergency Immigration Act, 217n41
Engel, Patricia, 133–34, 255n1
Engelhardt, Elizabeth S. D., 183n12
England, Sarah, 149
Espada, Martín, 175n39
Falconi, José Luis, 144–45, 176n42
Fallas, Carlos Luis, 244n14
Fanon, Frantz, 87, 206n71, 233n42
Fernández, Carole, 254n35
Fleming, Robert E., 208n10
Flores, Juan, 13, 51, 92, 143, 165n19, 189n26
Flores, Paul, 224n10
Flores Niemann, Yolanda, 227n22
Foley, Neil, 182n10
Folkenflik, Robert, 196n46
Fontova, Humberto, 44
Ford, Lacy K., 181n7
Fourteenth Amendment, to U.S. Constitution, 231n35
Franklin, John Hope, 178n51, 196n46
Frazier, E. Franklin, 182n9
French, Patrick, 210n15
Gaonkar, Dilip Parameshwar, 163n14
García, Alma M., 166n24
García, Cristina, 134, 175n39, 246n18
García Canclini, Néstor, 138, 174n38
García Márquez, Gabriel, 94, 152, 254n35
in Alabama, 213n24
on Mexico, 231n36
Nobel Laureate address of, 241n6
on United Fruit Company, 245n14
Garifunas (“Black Caribs”), 149
Gass, William, 198n50
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 46, 111
Georgia, 191n31, 199n54, 211n17, 218n46
Gifford, Chris, 254n1
Gilder, Richard Watson, 213n25
Goffman, Erving, 120
Goldman, Francisco, 93, 96, 175n39, 244n14, 245n15
González, Jovita, 192n34, 205n68
González, Juan, 22, 177n48, 252n33
Gonzalez, Veronica, 15
Gooding-Williams, Robert, 19–20
Gordon, Lewis, 53, 162n11, 221n3
on anonymity, 209n11
on relational theory of race, 99–100
Gould, Jeffrey, 207n5
Grady, Henry Woodfin, 178n1
Graham, Hugh Davis, 206n70
Grandin, Greg, 242n12
Grossman, Edith, 139
Gruesz, Kirsten Silva, 243n14
Guantánamo naval base, 30
Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo, 205n66
Guatemala, 124–26, 244n14. See also Central Americans
Guatemalan Maya immigrants, 186n15
“Guatepeorian Latinidad,” 22, 126–38, 142, 150, 242n11, 245–46nn15–18
“Güera, La” (Moraga), 104
Guidotti-Hernández, Nicole M., 256n3
Guillén, Nicolás, 89, 90, 219n50, 220n51
Guldbrandsen, Thaddeus Countway, 182n11
Guridy, Frank Andre, 66
on Africana diaspora, 90, 171n32, 219n47
on Spanish-American War, 210n14
Guterl, Matthew Pratt, 35–36
Gutiérrez, Ramón A., 227n20
Haiti, 62, 113, 195n42, 220n51, 247n20
Haney López, Ian F., 101–2, 165n24, 226n19
Harlem Renaissance, 20–21, 60, 64, 176n44, 208n10
Hart, Dianna Walta, 133
Henry, O., 124
Hernández Cruz, Victor, 243n14
Herzog, Lawrence A., 181n7
Hijuelos, Oscar, 130, 220n2, 230n31
Hill Collins, Patricia, 35, 190n29
Hispanic Heritage Month, 155
Hispanics, 165nn19–20
Latinos versus, 155–56, 164–65nn18–20, 179n4
as racialized category, 230n32
hispanidad, 16
Holloway, Karla F. C., 200n54
Honduras, 124, 149, 254n36. See also Central Americans
Horne, Gerald, 215n35
Hughes, James N., 80–81, 215–16nn35–36
Hughes, Langston, 20–21, 60–62
James Weldon Johnson and, 82
politics of, 209n13
private papers of, 62
on Spanish speakers, 212n21
in Texas, 81–82
translations of, 90–91, 219n50
—works of: The Big Sea, 62, 80–81, 86, 111, 233n41
Mulatto, 218n46
The Ways of White Folks, 82
The Weary Blues, 89
Hurston, Zora Neale, 110, 228n27
immigration policies, 108–9, 217n41
Indianness, 21–22
as blackness, 93–101, 112, 118–19
Chicanoness and, 102
Maya, 94–95, 148–49, 186n15, 222n7
mestizaje and, 231n35, 233n42. See also Native Americans
inter-American studies, 39, 192n33. See also American studies
Iran-Contra scandal, 242n12
Irwin, Robert McKee, 191n33
Italian immigrants, 197n48, 200n55
Jacobs, Harriet, 229n28
Jackson, Lawrence P., 209n13
Jamaican Americans, 159n1
James, C. L. R., 249n25
Jefferson, Thomas, 77
Langston Hughes on, 212n21
“Juan Crow” policies and, 191n31
as motive for emigration, 215n35
Naipaul on, 179n2. See also segregation
Jiménez, Tomás R., 225n15
Jiménez Román, Miriam, 13
Johnson, Grace Nail, 68, 74–77, 214n32
Johnson, James Weldon, 20–21, 49, 60–62, 199n54
in Costa Rica, 75–76
Langston Hughes and, 82
on New York City, 211n17
in Nicaragua, 63, 66–80, 214n31, 215n34
private papers of, 68
—works of: Along This Way, 62, 68–76, 79, 200n54
Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 64, 67, 70–73, 79–80, 96, 205n65, 208–9nn10–12
Johnson-Reed Immigration Act, 217n41
Jones, Alice, 201n57
Jones, Gavin, 162n12
Jones, Gayl, 195n45
Jonnes, Jill, 83–84
“Juan Crow” policies, 191n31
Kagan, Robert, 242n12
Kanellos, Nicolás, 44–45
Kaplan, Amy, 36
Katzew, Ilona, 235n49
Kawash, Samira, 206n1
Kelley, Robin D. G., 160n4, 171n32
“Kemo the Blaxican” (David L. K. Thomas), 106
Kennedy, Charles Stuart, 80
Kerr, Audrey Elisa, 228n27
King, Clarence, 190n28, 217n39
Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 127
Laó-Montes, Agustín, 10–11, 13, 55, 162n9
Larsen, Nella, 201n57
Lasch, Pedro, 1
Latin Americans, 1–2, 17, 123, 138–40
“intensity” of, 175n41
as second-class Europeans, 9–10
Latin American studies, 19, 25, 33, 64–65, 140, 142, 175n39. See also Latino/a studies
“Latin-at-ness” (Latin@ness), 70, 151–58
brownness of, 162n7
“empathetic,” 135
“Guatepeorian,” 22, 126–38, 142, 150, 245–46nn15–18
Latinities versus, 9–16
Quinceañera, 167n27
Soccer, 166n26
Latinity(ies), 2–7
Latinidad versus, 9–16
“passing” and, 213n24
Latino/a studies, 2, 8–9, 15–16, 115, 156–58, 160n1
brownness and, 121–22
Central Americanness in, 124, 126
Chabram-Dernersesian on, 193n36
Chicano/a studies and, 232nn37–38
comparativist project for, 251n32
inclusive language for, 235n49, 256n5
Latinoness/Latinaness, 2–8, 123, 145, 160n1
re-cognition of, 15, 22, 43, 81, 92, 174n37
Latinos/Latinas, 1–11, 144, 147–48
advertising to, 13, 161n5, 167n27
brownness and, 93–101
definitions of, 160n1
Hispanics versus, 155, 164–65nn18–20, 179n4
“intensity” of, 175n41
la raza and, 101, 120–21, 226n19, 233n42, 236n49
Spanish of, 231n37. See also Chicanos/Chicanas
League of Revolutionary Artists and Writers, 216n37
League of United Latin American Citizens, 102
Lee, Spike, 163n13
Levander, Caroline F., 195n42
Lewis, David Levering, 195n41
Lewis, Earl, 201n57
Liberia, 215n35
Lima, Lázaro, 165n20
Limón, Graciela, 253n35
Limón, José, 39–40
Locke, Alain, 189n27
Lomelí, Francisco A., 248n22
López, Alfred J., 189n23, 239n3
Lopez-Garza, Marta, 226n18
López-Stafford, Gloria, 129
Lorde, Audre, 110, 216n35, 228n27
Lovato, Roberto, 191n31
Lowery, Malinda Maynor, 187n16
on world-travelling, 161n6, 175n41
Luis, William, 179n4
Lumbee Indians, 186n16
Maceo, Antonio, 50
Malcolm X, 110
Malinche, La, 74
Maloney, Gerardo, 194n40
Manifest Destiny, 78
Marchi, Regina M., 169n29
Márez, Curtis, 103, 105–6, 214n30
marriage, interracial, 110–11, 201n57, 217n39
Marrow, Helen B., 26
Martí, José, 65
Martin, Gerald, 94, 213n24, 243n14
Martínez, Demetria, 239n4
Martínez, Rubén, 191n32
Massaguer, Conrado, 89
Mathews, Jennifer P., 221n4
Mayas, 94–95, 148–49, 186n15, 222n7
Mazzotti, José Antonio, 144–45, 176n42
Mbembe, Achille, 137
McClennen, Sophia A., 191n33
McCracken, Ellen, 253n35
McIntosh, Dawn Marie, 238n57
McKay, Nellie Y., 46
McKee, Kathryn, 39
Mena, Luis, 208n8
Menchú, Rigoberta, 94–95, 118, 133
Mendez v. Westminster, 234n44
Afro-Cubans and, 113
Bost on, 207n5
de la Campa on, 112–13
Fourteenth Amendment and, 231n35
mulattos and, 118, 213n22, 235n49
Clara Rodríguez on, 164n17
segregation laws on, 231n35
among slaves, 98–99, 110, 114, 229n28
terms for, 235n49
Mexican Americans, 10, 124, 144–45, 201n58
as “MexiRican,” 251n32. See also Chicanos/Chicanas
in Chicago, 12, 135, 170n31, 251n32
U.S. segregation laws and, 231n35, 234n44
Mexico, 165n21
as Caribbean country, 231n36
Revolution of, 84
U.S. African Americans in, 81, 215n35
U.S. war with, 78, 162n9, 239n1
Miller, Marilyn Grace, 234n42
Miller, Nancy K., 46
Miller, Paul, 58
Mindiola, Tatcho, Jr., 227n22
minoritization, 5, 26, 109, 162n10
Mirabal, Nancy Raquel, 162n9
Mistral, Gabriela, 241n10
Moody, Rick, 172n35
Moors, Marilyn, 148–49
on autobiography, 230n33
on brownness, 110, 114–16, 118
on double consciousness, 118
“La Güera” by, 104
Morales, Ed, 3–4
Moreman, Shane T., 238n57
Mormino, Gary R., 197n48, 200n56
Mountford, Peter, 125
Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán (MECHA), 226n18
Moya, Paula M. L., 129, 146–48, 172n36
Mulatto (Langston Hughes), 218n46
mulattos, 118, 213n22, 235n49. See also mestizaje
multiculturalism, 48, 107, 189n25, 223n7
Muñoz, José Esteban, 12, 55–56, 107–8, 170n30
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), 257n6
Muthyala, John, 179n3
Naipaul, V. S., 178n2, 210n15, 250n31
Natella, Arthur Aristides, Jr., 129
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 176n45
Peorian, 131
segregation of, 231n35
in U.S. Southeast, 186n16
in U.S. Southwest, 102. See also Indianness
Nazario, Sonia, 184n13
negritude, 230n32
Negroponte, John, 242n12
Nericcio, William Anthony, 59
Neruda, Pablo, 220n51
New Orleans, 201n58
New South, 178n1
Iran-Contra scandal and, 242n12
mestizaje in, 207n5
1912 revolution in, 63, 76–78, 208n8. See also Central Americans
9/11 attacks, 103, 107, 224n10, 242n12
Nixon, Richard M., 103–4, 132, 228n24
Northover, Patricia, 252n34
Nuevo South, 178n1, 183n12, 185n14
Nuyoricans, 22, 57, 112, 145, 251n32. See also Puerto Ricans
Nwankwo, Ifeoma, 24, 159n1, 178n50, 219n50
Oboler, Suzanne, 10
open double consciousness, 19–20, 54–58, 205n67
Orozco, José Clemente, 217n37
Ortiz, Amalia, 224n10
Ostler, Nicholas, 7
otherness, 17, 22–23, 53, 107, 128, 131, 145, 158, 250n30
Packer, Z. Z., 247n19
Padilla, Felix, 10
Painter, Nell Irvin, 196n46
Palumbo-Liu, David, 35, 190n30, 257n10
Panama, 124
California gold rush and, 77
independence of, 238n1. See also Central Americans
Panamanian writers, 194n40
“Pancho,” 214n30
Paredes, Américo, 214n30
Paredez, Deborah, 11–12
Parenti, Michael, 249n25
Parker, Matthew, 177n48, 239n1
“passing,” 59–67, 91–92, 188n19
definitions of, 59, 188n19, 206n1
Langston Hughes on, 82–83, 217n38
Kawash on, 206n1
Latinity and, 213n24
Pedroso, Regino, 89
Pérez, Emma, 119–20
Pérez-Torres, Rafael, 115
Perry, Jeffrey B., 176n44
“Peru Ana/Ana Peru” tags, 146, 147, 148, 150, 250n31
Phillips, Caryl, 130
Phillips Casteel, Sarah, 34, 189n25
Pinate, Marc David, 224n10
Piñero, Miguel, 57
Pinker, Steven, 129
Pisiak, Roxanna, 209n11
Poey, Delia, 137
Poindexter, John, 242n12
Porter, William Sydney, 124
Pozzetta, George E., 197n48, 200n56
Prescott, Anne Lake, 242n10
prieto, 220n1
Puerto Ricans, 10, 124, 142, 144–45
in Chicago, 12, 135, 145, 170n31, 251n32
“Guatepeorianness” and, 130
Langston Hughes on, 212n21
in New York City, 22, 57, 112, 145, 251n32
as “PortoMex,” 251n32
quinceañeras of, 168n27
Puerto Rican studies, 148, 251n32
queerness, 57, 106, 120, 236n53
race, 171n32
mixed marriages and, 110–11, 201n57, 217n39
relational theory of, 99–100
stereotypes of, 149. See also blackness; mestizaje
Ramos, Julio, 65–66
Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y., 12, 135, 170n31
Rampersad, Arnold, 62, 90, 207n3, 220n51
ranchera music, 105
raza, la, 101, 120–21, 226n19, 233n42, 236n49
Reagan, Ronald, 143, 242n12, 250n29
Real Academia Española, 231n37
re-cognition, 15, 22, 43, 81, 92, 174n37
Reich, Otto, 242n12
Reneau, Ingrid M., 214n31
Rhinelander, Leonard, 201n57
Richardson, Virgil, 196n46
Rivera, Diego, 217n37
Rivera, John-Michael, 103, 226n19
Rodríguez, Clara E., 164n17
Rodríguez, Ileana, 78–79
Rodriguez, Nestor, 227n22
on brownness, 94, 97, 103–4, 115–18, 121
on “Hispanic,” 164n18
Rodríguez, Richard T., 225n16
Rodriguez Ponce, Ricardo, 69–70, 213n22
Romain, Jacques, 220n51
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 73
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 73
Roosevelt, Theodore, 63, 74, 208n7
Root, Elihu, 214n29
Rosales, Manuel, 95
Rowley, Hazel, 193n35, 215n35, 228n27
Rúa, Mérida, 251n32
Rumsfeld, Donald, 242n12
Russell, Carlos, 194n40
Sadowski-Smith, Claudia, 191–92n33
Saldívar, José David, 34–35, 37, 39–40
Saldívar-Hull, Sonia, 190n28, 237n54, 258n11
Sánchez, George J., 67
Sánchez Korrol, Virginia, 10–11, 22
Sandino, Augusto César, 63, 208n9, 244n14
Sandweiss, Martha A., 188n19
on Caribbean immigrants, 212n22
Santa Ana, Otto, 102–3
Santiago, Esmeralda, 112, 130, 230n31, 245n16
Schlossberg, Linda, 30
Scott, A. O., 38
segregation, 163n1, 231n35, 234n44
Naipaul on, 179n2
in Panama Canal zone, 239n1
in U.S. Army, 51. See also Jim Crow laws
Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 220n51
Senna, Danzy, 58, 93–94, 110–11, 133, 229n29
September 11. See 9/11 attacks
Shapiro, Victor M., 213n26
Sharpe, Christina, 220n3
Shaw-Taylor, Yoku, 250n30
Siler City, N.C., 166n26, 187n17
Singh, Amritjit, 34
Siquieros, David Alfaro, 217n37
Africana diasporas of, 29, 90, 171n32, 219n47
Asian Mexicans and, 165n21
mestizaje and, 98–99, 110, 114, 229n28
Soccer Latinidad, 166n26
Sollors, Werner, 121
Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 127, 239n2
Sonora Matancera, La (Cuban band), 87
Soto, Sandra K., 118, 152, 235n48, 236n50
Southerland, Adm. William Henry Hudson, 77, 80
Spanish-American War, 210n14, 239n1
Sparke, Matthew, 40–41, 140–41
“Speedy Gonzalez” (caricature), 69–70, 211n20, 247n19
Spillers, Hortense J., 235n49
Spivak, Gayatri, 164n16
Stavans, Ilan, 250n28
Stecopoulos, Harilaos, 68, 70, 71, 211n17, 212n22
Stein, Gertrude, 132
Stiles, T. J., 177n48
Stokes, Doug, 127
Stuever, Hank, 255n1
Suarez, Virgil, 137
Sundstrom, Ronald R., 108
Taft, William Howard, 79
Tarica, Estelle, 114
Texas, 32, 91, 182n10, 193n34, 196n46
Thomas, David L. K. (“Kemo the Blaxican”), 106
Thomas, Piri, 22, 112, 176n46, 224n12, 230n30
Tindall, George Brown, 181n7
Tobar, Héctor, 133, 175n39, 178n49, 184n13, 254n36
TransAfrica Forum, 193n37
Transamerica (film), 38–39
transnationalism, 20, 33, 38, 66, 205n66
Trefzer, Annette, 39
Trujillo, Rafael Leónidas, 13–14
Tuch, Steven A., 250n30
Tuskegee airmen, 196n46
Tyler, Carole-Anne, 79
United Farm Workers (UFW), 226n18
United Fruit Company (UFC), 239n2, 243n14
United Mexican American Students (UMAS), 226n18
Urban League, 176n45
Urioste, Donaldo W., 248n22
Urrutia, Gustavo, 90
utopia, 161n6
Valdivia, Angharad N., 238n57
Valencia Ramírez, Cristóbal, 95
Vallejo, César, 65
Vasconcelos, José, 189n25, 233n42, 240n4
Viego, Antonio, 153, 163n15, 257n7
Vietnam War, 126, 166n24, 192n33, 197n46
Vinson, Ben, III, 196n46
Viramontes, Helena María, 232n40, 253n35
Walcott, Derek, 172n34
Wald, Priscilla, 2, 45, 198n51
Walker, William, 78
Ward, William Hayes, 213n25
Washington, Booker T., 208n10
Ways of White Folks, The (Langston Hughes), 82
Weary Blues, The (Langston Hughes), 89
Weitzel, George T., 208n8
Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (TV show), 152, 255n2
White, Hayden, 66
whiteness, 106–7, 160n4, 221n3. See also blackness
Wilson, Carlos, 194n40
Wintz, Cary D., 176n44
Woessner, Robert, 255n2
Woodward, C. Vann, 185n14
Wright, Richard, 56, 110, 193n35, 205n67
grandparents of, 228n27
in Mexico, 215n35
Wright, W. D., 220n1
Wrigley, William, Jr., 222n4
Xavier University (La.), 49–51, 202n59
xenophobia, 108–9
Ybor City, Fla., 43, 44, 197n48, 200n56
Yúdice, George, 92
Zavella, Patricia, 249n24