Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. George F. Jones, ed., Henry Newman’s Salzburger Letterbooks, Wormsloe Foundation Publications, No. 10 (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1968).

2. Samuel Urlsperger, ed., Ausführliche Nachricht von den Saltzburgischen Emigranten ... (Halle, 1735 ff.).

3. Franckesche Stiftung—Missionsarchiv Abtheilung 5A. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, D.D.R.

4. Jaroslav Pelikan, ed., Luther’s Works (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1963), vol. 26, pp. 4 ff. Boltzius read an English translation of this treatise on 25 October 1738 (George F. Jones and Renate Wilson, eds., Detailed Reports on the Salzburger Emigrants Who Settled in America, 1738, vol. V [Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980], p. 252).

5. See entries for 19 July, 11-12 August, 6 October. In his letter of 17 February 1738 to the Trustees’ accountant Harman Verelst, Thomas Jones claimed that Causton had taken this linen on his own private account and had sold most of it (Allen D. Candler, ed., The Colonial Records of the State of Georgia XXII, pt. II, 82). Nevertheless, on 12 January 1741, at Boltzius’ and Gronau’s repeated request, the Trustees agreed to pay Norris and Drewett, Schlatter’s London correspondents, £17 17s 1d (ibid., II, 354).

6. Typical is an extract of a letter from Urlsperger to Ziegenhagen, which was forwarded to one of the Trustees, James Vernon, dated 15 September 1738 (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 250). See also p. 159; vol. XXII, pt. I, 109; vol. II, pt. I, 114.

7. See Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. V, 181, and XXX, 40, 74, 76. The Captain’s name was written Harramond, Haermond, Haeramond, etc. An extract of Sanftleben’s travelogue appeared in Urlsperger, ed., Ausführliche Nachricht, Vierte Continuation, pp. 2292-2306.

8. This interesting petition, dated 13 March and signed by the entire community, is published in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. III, 428-31. A German version of this letter appears in Urlsperger, ed., Ausführliche Nachricht, Dritte Continuation, pp. 2062-65; see also the letter of 25 November 1738, ibid., 2047-53.

9. Boltzius’ house was still standing and functioning when Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg revisited Ebenezer in 1774 (The Journals of Henry Melchior Mühlenberg, vol. II, trans. Theodore Tappert and John Doberstein [Philadelphia: Mühlenberg Press, 1945], p. 653).

10. He and Baron von Reck talked with “Moors” on 19 May 1735. The account was submitted by von Reck, but it is clear that Boltzius shared his views (George F. Jones, ed., Detailed Reports on the Salzburger Emigrants Who Settled in America, 1733-1734, vol. I [Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1968], p. 117).

11. Henri François Chifelle. Although he could scarcely speak German, it would seem that his name was originally German Swiss, since he had a kinsman named Tschiffeli (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXXI, 40). Tschiffeli could easily become Chifelle, but not vice-versa. Chifelle was a worldly man who acquired many land grants. See Henry A. M. Smith, “Purrysburgh,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 10 (1909): 212, 213, 217, 218. Nevertheless, the Trustees awarded him £20 for his good work among the Savannah Germans (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXIV, 31-32).

12. Mr. John Fallowfield, who had come over at his own expense, was appointed second bailiff on 20 June 1739, just before striking the servant (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. V, 192).

13. At a meeting of the Trustees on 28 November 1739 it was reported that, on 18 June 1739, £30 sterling had been given for Gronau’s house (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. II, 309; V, 127).

14. Benjamin Martyn, secretary of the Trustees, had written on 1 May 1735 to Samuel Eveleigh that “the Germans are a sober, strong, and laborious people” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXIX, 122). See also Oglethorpe’s letter of 29 December 1739 (ibid., XXII, 293).

15. Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. V, 107.

16. Ibid., 195.

JANUARY

1. This is one of the many German-speaking people who passed through Georgia without leaving any official records. Since he did not come over on the charity and did not take up land, he appears on no official documents.

2. Being Swedish, Falk had probably learned Low German of the Lübeck variety, that being the lingua franca of most of Scandinavia.

3. Boltzius is quoting Psalms 68:20. In the Luther version it is “Wir haben einen Gott, der da hilft, und den Herrn Herrn, der vom Tode errettet.” The King James version has “He that is a God is a God of Salvation; and unto God the Lord belong the issues from death.”

4. For names of girls, see February, note 14.

5. Boltzius is, of course, speaking figuratively and alluding to the parable about the merchant and the pearl in Matthew 13:45-46.

6. Thomas Causton had been replaced by Thomas Jones.

7. Matthias Zettler. This lad prospered, became prominent, and left a large progeny. A Mathias Zettler was appointed “Commissioner and Surveyor of Roads” on 11 April 1768 (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XIX, Pt. I, 58).

8. Obviously with Reck, who is left unnamed because of his bad reputation. This Reck was probably the Jacob Reck who was granted fifty acres in Purysburg on 16 September 1768 (Henry A. M. Smith, “Purrysburgh,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 10 [1909]: 212).

9. These families seem to have been the Helds and the Gebhards.

10. Ob mir wol eben nicht viel kund worden. Since Boltzius’ meaning is not clear, there may be a typographical error.

11. The Catholic and Lutheran Bibles number the commandments differently from the English Bible, lumping the first two as number one and dividing the tenth into two. Therefore this is the fourth commandment according to the English system.

12. Possibly Jacob Schartner.

FEBRUARY

1. See Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 290-92, for Oglethorpe’s original disposition of these servants.

2. It is to be remembered that in the Savannah River delta the word “French” usually designated French Swiss, that being the dominant element in Purysburg.

3. Andrew Duchee.

4. The “stones” appear to have been lumps of clay worn round by the action of the current.

5. Boltzius uses the word Ziegelsteine, which usually means tiles (from Latin tegulum), but he surely means bricks.

6. See January, note 11.

7. Boltzius uses the term fremde Sünden (Latin peccata aliena), the sins of encouraging or conniving at sin.

8. “In twofold respect.”

9. Not Proverbs 30:10, but 30:20. Boltzius is doubtless quoting from memory.

10. Muggitzer (written Meiggitzer on petition of 25 November 1738) had probably acquired a functional use of English while working, much to Boltzius’ chagrin, for Causton at Thunderbolt in 1737 (see Jones and Wilson, eds., Detailed Reports on the Salzburger Emigrants Who Settled in America, 1737, vol. IV [Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1976], pp. 78, 146). Riedelsperger, the first Salzburger to desert, caused Boltzius much anguish during 1737. See index to op. cit. He later wrote from a place 100 miles from Philadelphia, where he had settled.

11. The Held family (see entry for 17 August). The manager is Kalcher.

12. According to the minutes of the Trustees’ meeting of 11 July 1739, “Two Heads (of indentured servants) were given to the Salzburgh School Master” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. II, 293). The Earl of Egmont’s list in Appendix IV gives their names as Christian Lewenberger, a weaver aged 32, and his wife Margaretta, aged 35.

13. Boltzius had previously related this marital difficulty, but without betraying identities. The older son, Johann Jacob, had done well in school at Ebenezer. See George F. Jones, ed., Detailed Reports on the Salzburger Emigrants Who Settled in America, 1734-1735, vol. II (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1969), p. 166.

14. Harmon Verelst, the Trustees’ accountant, later listed them as “Solomon Adde a Shoemaker aged 30, Margaret His wife aged 32, and John his Son aged 3, Barbara Waldhaver aged 14, Magdalen Gephart aged 19, Elizabeth Gephart aged 14, Eva Gephart aged 10, Catharina Henrick aged 20, Margaretta Henrick aged 15, Peter Henrick aged 48, Juliana his Wife aged 54, Eva Barbara his Daughter aged 22, Kunegunda Knowart aged 54.” Verelst’s letter, written to Boltzius on 11 June 1740, was granting him as much of the £82 15s 8d as had been paid, or would be paid, by them or their sponsors for their passage (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXX, 30). It is not known whether Barbara Waldhaver (written Volthoward on the Earl of Egmont’s manuscript list of Capt. Thomson’s passengers in Appendix IV) was related to the other “Volthowards” among Capt. Thomson’s passengers or to the later Walthours, who played such a role in Ebenezer. The name Henrick should be Heinrich, and Kunegunda Knowart was actually Catherina Kustobader. According to Boltzius’s letter of 29 December 1740 to Verelst, Juliana Henrick had died in Savannah upon arrival (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 464).

15. See this petition, with the Earl of Egmont’s rebuttal, in C. L. Ver Steeg, ed., “A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia” with comments by the Earl of Egmont (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1960).

16. This Capt. Robert Williams had given seeds to Boltzius on 27 September 1736 (George F. Jones, and Marie Hahn, eds., Detailed Reports on the Salzburger Emigrants Who Settled in America, 1736, vol. III [Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1972], p. 217). The petition was purportedly written by Patrick Tailfer, Hugh Anderson, and David Douglas; but it may have indeed been instigated by Williams, who was Tailfer’s brother-in-law, since he had much to gain from it.

17. Ambrosius and Johann Jacob Zuebli.

18. David Zuebli, father of Johann Joachim Zubly, subsequent leader of the dissenters in Georgia and representative at the Continental Congress.

19. While a Pietist could justify God’s destroying a blasphemer, it must have been difficult to justify His drowning of the younger brother and sister too.

20. Boltzius is alluding to Jeremiah 21:9, which Luther renders as “er . . . soll sein Leben als eine Ausbeute behalten.”

21. “Potatoes” always refers to sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes being Erdäpfel.

22. This was Hans Krusy, his son was Adrian (Urlsperger, ed., Ausführliche Nachricht, Achte Continuation, pp. 902, 906).

MARCH

1. Our fifth commandment. See January, note 11.

2. Hymns are identified, when possible, in Appendix I.

3. For Boltzius, “temptation” (Anfechtung) nearly always means the temptation to doubt the mercy of Jesus.

4. She is apparently alluding to the annual memorial and thanksgiving service each March 12th, the anniversary of the Salzburgers’ landing in Georgia. This year, strangely enough, Boltzius celebrated it on 3 March.

5. See January, note 11.

6. Col. William Stephens, the Trustees’ secretary in Georgia, reported this sad event similarly on 1 March 1739 (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. IV, 292-93).

FRIDAY. A German Servant who was committed to the Log-House, was found dead there this Morning; which may need a little Explanation here, of some Circumstances attending it. The Man had once been a Servant under Mr. Causton, with whom he voluntary indented, on Condition of Mr. Causton’s paying for his and his Family’s Passage, rather than make himself liable to be sold by the Captain, to one whom he could not expect so good Usage from. The Fellow nevertheless left Mr. Causton’s Service, without his Leave, or any just Cause, as his Master says (which is not material here) and in several Months could never be persuaded by fair Means to return to Ockstead; but liked better to nest in an old-deserted Hut in the Out-Part of the Town, as some others of his Countrymen did; and these having Arms, were some of the Folks particularly aimed at in the late Order of Court against Servants carrying Arms; by which it was visible these disorderly People lived; and under Pretence of shooting Deer, frequently destroyed other Mens Property in Cattle, &c. neither were any Threats available to deter them from these Practices. This Fellow happened to be espied Yesterday with a Gun on his Shoulder, in the Street openly, by his Master, who was walking at that Time in Company with Mr. Parker, our first Magistrate, and they both called him to come to them; but he walked off, without taking any Notice of one or the other (the certain Index of that incurable Stubbornness which generally prevails among them). Mr. Parker, therefore, sent the Constable Mr. Fallowfield, to follow him, and take his Arms away; pursuant to which he went, taking one or two with him to assist; but the Fellow resisting and struggling, and by clubbing his Piece, attempting to knock down any of them who stood most in Opposition, some Blows passed, and he was carried before the Magistrate, who committed him for resisting the Constable, &c. Upon his Death the Coroner’s Inquest sat on the Body, and examined several Witnesses who saw what passed; as also an able Surgeon was called, to give his Opinion touching the Blows he received, which it seems were given by the Constable with the Handle of a small Whip, so that no Sort of Mark appeared, either on the Head or Body, of any Wound which might occasion his Death; and the Posture the Body lay in, when found dead, being flat on his Face, and a great Effusion by Vomiting also appeared, it was judged a Suffocation; and the Jury’s Verdict was Accidental Death.

Capt. Thomson, who brought the “good Germans” to Georgia, mentioned a “Mr. Fallowfield, Naval Officer, a man of good Sence, and industrious” (Phillipps Collection, Egmont Manuscripts, University of Georgia Library, Athens, Ga. Vol. 14, 209, p. 211 for 5 May 1739). On 24 November 1739 the son of William Stephens wrote to the Trustees that the bailiff “had no Reason to strike the German who died, because Several People were at hand, who the law directed him to command to his Assistance, in Case the man had not been obedt.” (ibid., vol. 14, 210, p. 109).

7. The “first transport” refers to Capt. Hewett’s shipload.

8. One hand washes the other. See entry for 13 March.

9. This would suggest that Urlsperger saw fit to delete some unhappy event.

10. See entry for 6 March 1739.

11. See February, note 12.

12. See January, note 11.

13. Chinkapins (chiquapins), a kind of dwarf chestnut.

14. For a contemporary account of the Stono Uprising, see Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 233-36.

15. See the contemporary English translation, with names of signers, in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. III, 428-31. This was published many times, with varying degrees of abridgement, for propaganda purposes. Boltzius failed to mention that he wrote a letter the next day to Verelst, which is included in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 118-22; it is a good illustration of Boltzius’ command of English and indicates the many temporal responsibilities he had assumed.

16. Isaac Bradford. See April, note 11.

17. Very clearly Johann Christ. See entry for 9 March.

18. A large dugout. Boltzius wrote Petti-Auger, his understanding of the Spanish word petiagua, a folk etymological corruption of a Carib word.

19. If they drank that much on St. Patrick’s Day, it is hard to imagine how much they would have drunk on St. Andrew’s Day.

20. Boltzius did not know that many of the Highlanders, like those at Darien, could not speak English. Concerning the Scots who sailed with the Salzburgers on the Judith in September 1741, the Earl of Egmont wrote on 15 September 1742, “43 Highlanders, two of whom speak English” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. V, 549). In a letter of 23 August 1735 to Nicholas Spence of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in the Highlands of Scotland, Verelst asked the Society to recommend a “Godly minister for the Highlanders in Georgia, since they speak no English” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXIX, 155).

21. This was John McLeod (MacLeod, MacCleod, McCloud, MackCloud, etc.) of New Inverness, who received a grant of 300 acres on 23 January 1739 (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXXIII, 71 ff.).

22. Surely the widow Schweighofer.

23. Zant recovered from this affliction, for the very next year he was accepted for military service. On 9 December 1756 a Solomon Zaut (sic) received a grant of 52 acres (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. VII, 455).

24. Boltzius calls this Dominica Oculi.

25. In gesetzlicher Unruhe; in anxiety to achieve salvation through good works, instead of through faith.

26. Wild boars are now found in the vicinity of Ebenezer, descended from strayed domestic pigs (razorback hogs) and wild boars recently imported from the Black Forest.

APRIL

1. Boltzius calls it Dominica Laetare.

2. Peter Heinrich (see February, note 14), who was 48 upon his arrival.

3. Martin Herzog.

4. An allusion to Revelations 2:6.

5. Apparently the widow Arnsdorf, for whom the Salzburgers had built a house.

6. Johann Arndt, Paradis-Gärtlein, probably the edition bound with his Wahres Christentum, which was published by A. H. Francke at the Halle Orphanage in 1735.

7. Johann Habermann, either Christliche Gebätlein auff alle Tage in der Wochen . . . alten stettin (1660), or Tägliche Morgen- und Abendgebete (Leipzig, 1672).

8. Güldenes Schatz-Kästlein der Kinder Gottes (Halle 17??), devotional tract by Carl Heinrich Bogatzky.

9. Typical of Boltzius’ prefigurations (Vorbilder), i.e. persons or events in the Old Testament that prefigure or signify those in the New.

10. “Des sel. Prof. Francken Sendschreiben von Christus,” unidentified devotional tract by A. H. Francke.

11. On 8 May 1739, Col. Stephens entered in his journal that “Isaac Bradford, that notorious Thief, who had lately committed so many Villanies here,” had been apprehended in Charleston and returned to jail in Savannah. On 3 June he added that Bradford had escaped (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. IV, 333, 348). On 23 August he reported to the Trustees that “Isaac Bradford a notorious theif was seized & committed to jayl in Carolina” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga., V, 221).

12. This sounds contradictory and suggests that he must make bowel actions, but elsewhere he uses Motion to mean a stroll, as in the entry for 6 September.

13. Persimmons (diospyros virginiana).

14. Again we see the influence of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s theodicy.

MAY

1. See April, note 8.

2. Missionaries from Halle were sent to Malabar, Tranquebar, and elsewhere in India. See Der königlichen dänischen Missionarien aus Ost-Indien eingesandte ausführliche Berichten (Halle, 1735).

3. Surely Benjamin Sheftal, the advocate of the Georgia Germans. By this time Boltzius had despaired of converting this obstinate man and must have chortled at his difficulty. The woman may have blamed the child on Sheftal as the only German in town financially able to support it.

4. On 27 June 1739 a Rev. Mr. Vallois donated eight guineas to buy “twelve Dozen New Testaments and two Dozen of Arnot’s true Christianity and a large Number of spelling Books and short Catechisms” for the use of the Palatine servants (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. I, 351.

5. “Die kleinen Sonntags-Predigten des sel. Prof. Franckens,” no doubt August Hermann Francke, Kurtze Sonn- und Fest-Tags-Predigten (Halle, 1718).

6. On 30 May 1739 the Trustees ordered “the Children of six years old and upwards of such servants, to be employ’d as the Overseer shall direct; And the maintenance of them for Provisions and Cloathing; to be paid by the Week after the rate of four Pence a day each, One with Another But those Children of such Servants under six Years old are to be maintain’d by the Parents out of their Allowances” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. II, 277).

7. Unless denoted as the “late Prof. Francke,” the reference is to the son, Gotthilf August, not the father, August Hermann.

8. The Orphanage (Waysenhaus), a part of the Francke Foundation (Franckesche Stiftungen), was the model for that in Ebenezer and, indirectly, for the one at Bethesda. Both Boltzius and Gronau had taught at the Orphanage school.

9. The bulk of the Salzburger exiles had gone to East Prussia, mostly to the vicinity of Gumbinnen.

10. On 20 December 1738 the Trustees had resolved “That a Sum not exceeding One hundred pounds be applied for sending over to Georgia the said Trades Men and Unmarried Women.”

11. Raccoons. On the next page Boltzius identifies the animal correctly, but the Halle typesetter printed “Rackous.”

12. It is surprising that Boltzius mentions large starlings, since it was usually little rice-birds or bobolinks (dolinchonyx oryzivorous) that did the damage.

13. It was two years before the Salzburgers began to plow. In 1745 they received a hogshead containing twenty plowshares (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXXI, 44).

14. This herdsman must have been Held, who had a son old enough to guard cattle. Father and son, along with John Robinson, enlisted to fight the Spaniards. See Boltzius’ letter to Oglethorpe in entry for 16 April 1740 in Urlsperger, ed., Ausführliche Nachricht, Sechste Continuation, pp. 458-59.

15. The King James version unites these two commandments in number 10. See January, note 11.

16. Boltzius is referring to the Moravian or Herrnhuter missionaries Georg Schulius and Peter Böhler. See Adelaide Fries, The Moravians in Georgia (Winston-Salem, 1906), pp. 209-13.

17. One of the Sammlung auserlesener Materien zum Bau des Reiches Gottes (Leipzig, 1731 ff.).

18. “Readings, lessons.”

19. In 1727 Boltzius had visited Pastor Daniel Gottlieb Mäderjan of Thommendorf in the district of Bunzlau in Silesia, who ministered to many Protestant refugees from Habsburg territories. See Hermann Winde, Die Frühgeschichte der lutherischen Kirche in Georgia (dissertation), Halle, 1960 (unpublished), pp. 158-59.

20. In the 18th century the name “Ebenezer” was translated both as “the stone of help” and also as “the Lord has helped so far.”

21. “The reason is at hand,” or “The reason is evident.”

22. This is the first time that Boltzius has admitted that Kieffer owned slaves. To the younger Kieffer’s credit, we may say that he was truly concerned for their souls, as is indicated by an entry in the Ebenezer church records of 1756: “Mary, a negro girl, was born on Theobald Kieffer’s plantation, December 14, and baptized in his home the following day” (A. G. Voigt, trans., and C. A. Linn, ed., Ebenezer Record Book [Savannah, 1929], p. 3). The son’s piety is also revealed in his letter of 27 June 1750 to Professor Francke, which is reproduced in the Georgia Historical Quarterly 42 (1978):50-57.

23. This disorderly man must have been forgiven and accepted again in Ebenezer after serving the Trustees for less than three years; for on 18 March 1742 he wrote a letter to Privy Counselor Georgii from Ebenezer thanking him for a benefaction in which he had shared (Urlsperger, ed., Ausführliche Nachricht, Achte Continuation, p. 1227). On 23 December 1744: “Solomon Addie and ffrederic Nett applied to the Board (Pres. and Assistants) for Allowance given to all servants who had faithfully served their time” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. VI, 89). Nett remained and served out his time at Ebenezer, as is indicated in the minutes that follow for 10 December 1746:

“Frederick Nett formerly a Servant, but now an Inhabitant at Ebenezer, petitioning this Board for a Cow, Calf &c, as had formerly been given to the Trusts Servants; It appears to Us that the said Nett was not at any Time a Servant to the Trustees, but had faithfully served four Years in Ebenezer, and as he falls under the same Denomination with a great Number of others The Board could not comply with his Request without bringing a heavy Charge on the Trust, as They will find by a Minute of the twelvth Day of October 1743, to which this Board have as yet had no Answer” (ibid., 163).

24. Up to this time “Mr.” Jones always refers to Thomas Jones, Causton’s successor as storekeeper, since the class-conscious Boltzius did not dignify the surveyor Noble Jones with a title until later, after he had held offices of trust.

25. There were three English boys at Ebenezer. On 16 October 1734 the Trustees had read an indenture binding “Henry Bishop of the Charity School in St. Dunstan in the West End Labourer as Servant to the Trustees for seven years in order to be assign’d over to Mr. Bolzius” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. II, 74). For this he was given free passage and one year’s maintenance on 9 October of the same year (ibid., 72). On 5 May, John Robinson was sent as a servant to Gronau and Nicholas Carpenter as an “Under servant” to Mr. Bolzius (ibid., 99; see also p. 101). According to a letter from Bishop to his parents dated 26 August 1735, the other two boys were “sad reprobate boys” who could “neither write nor read” (ibid., XXI, 66). By 1739 Bishop was completing his indenture, according to the entry for 27 September. The herdsman in question, John Robinson, left the following year with the Helds to fight against the Spaniards (see May, note 14).

26. Raccoons. See entry for 10 May.

27. Probably Reck, the shoemaker from Purysburg, who was constantly being repelled from Holy Communion and expelled from Ebenezer, only to be readmitted as indispensable. Perhaps he returned this time after hearing of Adde’s dismissal.

28. “In case of necessity.”

29. George Whitefield.

30. This letter has appeared in the Georgia Historical Quarterly 42 (1978): 50-57.

31. Surely Whitefield’s friend, John Wesley.

32. On 2 August 1742 Harman Verelst, the Trustees’ accountant, wrote to Boltzius to advise him that the Trustees recognized this debt of £169 35 due to the Salzburgers for the bounty of one shilling per bushel of corn and beans raised in 1739.

33. “Defense.”

34. “Small states grow by agreement,” or “Small things prosper with concord.”

JUNE

1. The German word Hure, cognate with Latin cara (dear one), originally meant sweetheart and did not necessarily imply meretriciousness. In Salzburg a peasant boy could sing Hurenlieder (lovesongs) to his sweetheart. Boltzius’ English contemporaries could also use the word “whore” without mercenary connotations. For Boltzius, all non-marital sex was sinful, be it for pleasure or profit.

2. The Sunday after Ascension.

3. It is annoying that Urlsperger has deleted such names. Here the city is probably Charleston and the author either Whitefield or Wesley.

4. See May, note 14.

5. Eigene Gerechtigkeit (work-righteousness), justification through one’s own merits.

6. Wild rice (zizania aquatica).

7. See the quote in Introduction taken from Luther’s preface to the Galatians.

8. See April, note 8.

9. This is an error. Jeremiah goes only to 50:34.

10. The “oldest” here means the older of the two at Ebenezer. Boltzius regularly uses the superlative when distinguishing between two things. The oldest Zuebli was David, in Purysburg. Urlsperger shows his usual inconsistency in leaving the name Zuebli here but suppressing it on 16 June.

11. See April, note 11. If this was Bradford, he seems to have been in a hurry to return to Ebenezer.

12. Johann Jacob Zuebli.

13. Their brother David.

14. Christian Friedrich Richter, Erbauliche Betrachtungen vom Ursprung und Adel der Seelen, etc. (Halle, 1718).

15. Boltzius means that they put their trust in their good works and show no poverty of the spirit.

16. George Whitefield. On 27 December 1738 the Trustees had “Seal’d a Commission to the Rev^d M^r George Whitefield to collect Benefactions in general, but which when Collected are particularly to be applied for erecting an Orphan House in Georgia, and building a Place of Worship for the Salzburgers at Ebenezer” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. I, 333). Before leaving England in June 1739, Whitefield had collected £76 for the Salzburgers (ibid., XXX, 231-32).

17. Johann Anastasius Freylinghausen, Ordnung des Heyls, nebst einem Verzeichnis der wichtigsten Kern-Sprüche, etc. (Halle: Waisenhaus, 1724). The “Golden ABC” must have been appended to it.

18. “Teachers of divinity.”

19. At the Trustees’ meeting on 28 February 1739 it had been agreed that £30 be sent for building Gronau’s house and £40 be sent to Boltzius for maintaining the widows and orphans (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. V, 127).

20. It is surprising that there is no mention of James Vernon’s benefaction of £20, which was sent on 21 February (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. I, 32).

21. George Whitefield.

22. See Jones and Wilson, eds., Detailed Reports, vol. V, 254, entry for 28 October 1738.

23. Typical Pietist rhetoric. Cf. title of Friedrich Eberhard Collin’s Das gewaltige Eindringen ins Reich Gottes (Frankfurt, 1722).

24. Johann Caspar Ulich.

25. See March, note 18.

26. All references to a Frau von refer to Frau von Hasslin (Heslin, etc.), the wife of “Mons. le Banquier de Hoslin,” who, according to Urlsperger’s letter of 3 November 1739, sent 400,000 florins to Berlin for the Salzburger emigrants, which must have been the payments subsequently collected for their properties (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 261).

27. An ointment made in Augsburg by Johann Caspar Schauer.

28. See April, note 8.

29. See April, note 9.

JULY

1. This was Capt. Haermond of the Charles (see Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. V, 181); see also Introduction, note 7.

2. He did so. An extract appears in Urlsperger, ed., Ausführliche Nachricht, Vierte Continuation, pp. 2292-306.

3. This is Psalms 145:19.

4. Boltzius is speaking metaphorically. We are not supposed to take these Pietistic images literally. A crawling dog illustrates Demutsstellung, or the attitude of humility. The idea of cooing, derived from amorous literature, signifies divine love, as in the anonymous devotional tractate Girrendes Täublein, die Gebundene Seufzerlein eines mit Gott verbundenen Hertzen (Leipzig, 1731).

5. Pomesin?

6. The Halle typesetter wrote Ihnen (you), but the context calls for ihnen (them).

7. Oglethorpe was eventually refunded. On 6 January 1742 the Trustees resolved “That the Sum of forty Pounds be allowed to M^r Boltzius for building his House at Ebenezer in consideration that the said House shall remain for the Minister for the time being as was the Condition of allowing forty Pounds before to M^r Gronau” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. II, 379-86).

8. Freestone peaches.

9. Clingstone peaches.

10. An extract from the Bible, to be read during a sermon.

11. See Introduction, note 9.

12. Er hat alles wohl bedacht, und alles, alles recht gemacht, gebt unserm Gott die Ehre, allusion to a hymn by Gustav von Mengden. See entry for 6 April and Appendix I under “Gott hat alles.”

13. See Boltzius’ account of the confrontation in his letter of 19 July in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 180-83.

14. According to Egmont’s list in Appendix IV, these were Christian Lewenberger and Margaretta, his wife.

15. “According to the rigor of the law.”

16. See Oglethorpe’s letter to Boltzius of 3 November 1739 in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 338.

17. Unfortunately, there was considerable truth in this impertinent lie.

18. Boltzius must be referring to Thomas Jones and the storehouse in Savannah.

19. This letter, dated 19 July, is published in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 180-83.

20. The fifth commandment, English style. See January, note 11.

21. Despite the context, “they” refers to the Salzburgers, not to the wicked people of Old Ebenezer.

22. The governor of St. Augustine, who kept himself remarkably well informed about the situation in South Carolina and Georgia, made frequent references to intelligence gathered by spies. See Letters of Montiano, Siege of St. Augustine (Savannah, Ga., 1909), in Collections of the Georgia Historical Society VII.

23. This fever-stone has not yet been identified. It was probably a spleen swollen by malaria.

24. These men had been missionaries to the Negroes. See Adelaide L. Fries, The Moravians in Georgia (Winston-Salem, 1906), pp. 209-13.

25. Probably Benjamin Sheftal.

AUGUST

1. Charles Pury, son of Jean Pury, founder of Purysburg.

2. This policy of “fencing out” survived until recently in those parts of Georgia where land was cheaper than fences. It was the duty of a landowner to protect his land by fencing it against roaming cattle, not the duty of the cattle owner to “fence in” his cattle.

3. “In one’s own cause.”

4. “Testimony of poverty.” This probably refers to poverty of the spirit.

5. This was one of the contributions (Beyträge) in the collection (Sammlung) mentioned in May, note 17.

6. See note 5 above.

7. The schoolmaster was James Habersham, a staunch supporter of the Salzburgers all his life. The merchant was probably Francis Harris, who later became Habersham’s business partner.

8. Held. See entry for 17 August and also December, note 7.

9. See Introduction, note 5.

10. Schein und Kraft des Christenthums, allusion to 2 Timothy 3:5, which the King James version renders as “form of godliness” and “power thereof.”

11. See April, note 8.

12. See August, note 5.

13. See March, note 18.

14. Anton Wilhelm Boehme, exemplary Pietist at Halle.

15. This was probably Hugh Bryan, who supplied most of the cattle for the Salzburgers. On 8 June 1736 Thomas Causton wrote that Oglethorpe had paid Bryan for delivering his cattle and rice (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXI, 168). This document confirms the conjecture in the index of Jones, ed., Detailed Reports, vol. II, 249. Hugh was a brother of Jonathan, a pious friend of the Salzburgers (Urlsperger, ed., Ausführliche Nachricht, Achte Continuation, pp. 1083, 2087).

16. See April, note 8.

17. The French were avenging a defeat which is vividly told in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga., XXI, 176-78, 203-5.

18. The story of the ransomed Frenchman is told in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga., XXI, 266-68. See also 277-78.

19. Hebrews 13:17. Luther has “Gehorchet euren Lehrern und folget ihnen,” which is more favorable to Boltzius than the English translation “Obey them who have rule over you, and submit yourselves.”

20. Egmont’s list of Thomson’s passengers (Appendix IV) lists Eve Barbara, aged 22; Catherina, aged 20; and Margarett, aged 15. He does not list Anna Maria, Boltzius’ maid. See entry for 30 October.

SEPTEMBER

1. Boltzius means Old Ebenezer. See entry for 13 September.

2. See August, note 10.

3. Unidentified devotional tract, unless Boltzius is thinking of Stephan Praetorius, Geistliche Schatzkammer der Gläubigen, in welcher die Lehre vom wahren Glauben, Gerechtigkeit, Seligkeit, Majestät, Herrlichkeit, christlichem Leben, und heilsamen Creutz der Kinder Gottes, etc. (Lüneburg, 1699).

4. The widows Schweighofer, Helfenstein, and Arnsdorf were the only widows with a Häuflein of children. This appears to be Arnsdorf.

5. Obviously Mrs. Schweighofer.

6. Held. See May, note 14.

7. Mrs. Schweighofer again.

8. “Great deeds of God.”

9. Many of these brands and markings can be found in the Cattle Brand Book in the Georgia State Archives.

10. Ruth 3: 7 does not say that Boas praised the Lord. This addition must have been made by Boltzius or his Pietist predecessors.

11. August Hermann Francke, Vom rechten Wesen des Christenthums, devotional treatise.

12. Allusion to the rich man and Lazarus in Luke 16: 19.

13. Boltzius writes dies (this), but he is surely referring to the previously mentioned frame of mind, which was negative.

14. See May, note 9.

15. Durchkommen, a Pietist expression meaning “to break through,” or “to become assured of God’s mercy.”

16. “Concerning lapse into sin.”

17. For a vivid account of the Stono Uprising, see Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 232-36.

18. This was Anna Maria Bischoff. See Urlsperger, ed., Ausfürliche Nachricht, Siebente Continuation, p. 513. Boltzius does not mention that he has personal need of her. See entry for 22 November.

19. Oglethorpe’s success with the Indians is well told by Kenneth Coleman, Colonial Georgia: A History (New York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1976), pp. 82-83; and his return from Coweta is told in an anonymous letter in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 214-15.

20. Purysburg was the only place from which the Salzburgers had fetched brides. This may be Mrs. Georg Schweiger, née Unselt.

21. See April, note 8.

22. While she still thought that salvation could be won through good works alone.

23. This is one of the many references to the debt to the merchant, Schlatter, in St. Gall. See October, note 9.

24. This was the sum finally granted. See May, note 32.

25. Pichler must have conceded in this point, for he remained in Ebenezer and achieved importance. On 31 May 1748 the Trustees appointed him constable with an allowance of £5 per year and entrusted him with arms and musters (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXXI, 210).

26. Anna Maria Heinrich. See entry for 30 October.

27. By now Bischof (Henry Bishop) had become a Salzburger!

28. On 20 June 1739 the Trustees obtained special permission for Capt. Thomson’s Two Brothers to sail despite the embargo (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXXIII, 30).

29. “The law of vengeance.”

OCTOBER

1. “Ancient sayings.” Boltzius probably means Biblical passages.

2. “Secondary causes.”

3. Johann Ludwig Hartmann, Pastorale Evangelicum, seu Instructio plenior ministrorum verbi, etc. (Nürnberg 1697). The “B” was probably an error for “D” (i.e., Dr.), as also below in the case of Spener.

4. Phillip Jacob Spener, Consilia Latina.

5. Juliana Ortmann was the only woman whose husband came from London.

6. Ausserliche Ehrbarkeit, bürgerliche Gerechtigkeit, worldly virtues which are sins in Pietist eyes.

7. This informative letter, dated 5 October, is published in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 219-22.

8. No doubt Reck of Purysburg, the only available shoemaker.

9. See September, note 23. This letter was answered on 29 March 1740 by Verelst, who stated that the Trustees would pay Norris and Drewett £71 17s 1d as soon as Thomas Jones certified that the linen was used for the good of the colony (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXX, 231).

10. James Habersham, who wanted them for work on the Bethesda Orphanage. See entry for 17 November.

11. Elend. This word originally meant “exile,” then, in religious parlance, “alienation from God,” or “state of sin.”

12. See June, note 26.

13. “Cursory reading of the New Testament.”

14. See June, note 26.

15. Boltzius is citing Luther’s translation of Isaiah 66:2, “Ich sehe aber an den Elenden und der zerbrochenes Geistes ist,” which the King James version renders as “To this man will I look, even to him that is poor and of a contrite spirit.”

16. This must be an error for “verbatim.”

17. We are not told why Sanftleben’s sister was asocial. Perhaps Ebenezer was not what her brother had promised, and she had still found no husband in that favorable matrimonial market.

18. The superscription of Psalms 146 in Luther’s translation is “Die ewige Treue Gottes.”

19. Sometimes Urlsperger suppresses Mrs. Gruber’s name and sometimes he does not.

20. Apparently a hymn.

21. Haus-Tafel or Tabula Oeconomica, a devotional book by Martin Luther. See Kurt Aland, Hilfsbuch zum Lutherstudium (Witten, 1970).

22. “The kindling up of a dormant fire, stirring, reviving.”

23. “A praying spectator.”

24. A good example of the Lutheran work ethic.

25. Johann Friedrich Frisch, Neu klingende Harfe Davids oder Erklärung der Psalmen (Stuttgart 17??).

26. “Die Pareneses des sel. Herrn Prof. Franckens über die Epistel an den Titum und an die Ebräer,” a theological work by A. G. Francke.

27. See October, note 9.

28. Oglethorpe complied on 3 November 1739 (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXIII, pt. II, 338).

29. This large stone now graces Wright Square just in front of Christ Church.

30. Boltzius means all the islands along the coast as far south as the St. Johns.

31. These were the Schlechtermanns. The oldest sons, Joseph Michael and Johann Peter were 18 and 16 years old respectively. See Appendix IV.

32. “Useless weight of earth.”

33. Boltzius did not mean to be tactless, nor was he implying that Miss Lackner was a sinner. He merely meant that her physical condition well illustrated the ugliness of sin. We still say “as ugly as sin,” even though sin often appears very lovely.

34. She was one of those who arrived with the shoemaker Adde. It is surprising that Verelst does not give her name and that Boltzius says she has served “almost a year” (see February, note 14).

35. The signatures to this letter, dated 26 October, are given in Appendix II.

36. Boltzius is alluding to the previous shoemakers, Reck and Adde, both of whom had to be expelled because of bad behavior.

NOVEMBER

1. Usually written Floerel. It is remarkable that he is given the title “Mr.” (Herr), which Boltzius seldom gives the Salzburgers. Perhaps Floerel is now being groomed as future schoolmaster.

2. See October, note 28. The result of this letter was Johann Ulrich Driessler.

3. Here he takes “Ebenezer” to mean “So far the Lord hath helped us.” See May, note 20, and entry for 7 November.

4. See June, note 26.

5. See note 3 above.

6. It is easy to see why Urlsperger has suppressed the name Johann Christ, but not why he has suppressed that of the Kalchers.

7. See October, note 21.

8. “Thou shalt not steal.” The Sixth Commandment according to English reckoning. See January, note 11.

9. A copy of the letter from Oglethorpe to Boltzius, dated 3 November 1739, is in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 338.

10. Barker was dismissed soon afterwards because of the testimony of his German servants.

11. See June, note 26.

12. For James Habersham. See entry for 10 October.

13. See Hugh Rose’s report in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. II, 444. His failure and recalcitrance somewhat exonerate the previous surveyor, Noble Jones.

14. Ein dauerhafter s. h. Schweine-Stall. The s. h. is unexplained; Might it possibly mean Scheiss Haus?

15. See June, note 23.

16. East Prussia, where most of the Salzburger exiles went, lay outside the Holy Roman Empire, for which reason the Elector of Brandenburg, although only a margrave in the Empire, could be “King of Prussia.”

17. It was no coincidence that Oglethorpe had sent the Salzburgers a trained midwife. See entry for 22 September.

18. It is possible that the name Gotthilf also honored Gotthilf August Francke, the “Reverend Father” of the Georgia Salzburgers.

19. See entry for 17 November.

20. Boltzius was not convincing when he said that the Salzburgers would not consider the land their own. He should have argued that Abercorn Creek, as it was called in English, was a creek and not a river.

21. Samuel Wragg seems to have profited from his traffic in indentured Germans, because on 11 May 1737 the Trustees had resolved “That the Trustees will give to Mr. Wragg six Guineas Sterling per Head for Eighty foreign Servants to be delivered in Georgia from Rotterdam provided None be under twelve Years of Age or above Forty” (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. II, 198). The Trustees ordered that £200 be paid him on 12 April 1738 when the servants reached Tybee (ibid., 229). He was part owner of the London Merchant (ibid., 126). “Lambton” was probably Richard Lambton, who died in 1768; see South Carolia Historical and Genealogical Magazine 28 (1927): 220.

22. Despite their barbarity, Oglethorpe hired far more Indians than the Spaniards did. He too described the murders on 16 November but failed to mention that the Spaniards were Indians (Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 266).

23. Once subdued by Boltzius, Pichler became docile and won his favor, like the lost sheep that is worth a hundred who have not strayed. In due time he was appointed captain of the rangers, and later constable.

24. Corpus Evangelicorum, a Protestant caucus at the diet of Regensburg.

DECEMBER

1. “Contrition, remorse.”

2. Magdalena Gebhard. See entry for 10 December.

3. The “younger” Zoberbiller must have been Bartholomäus (as opposed to the old father who died in Purysburg), rather than the son Sebastian, since the person in question is apparently a minister of the gospel. Bartholomäus later became the leader of the established church in Georgia.

4. This was Captain and Judge Lindner (Urlsperger, ed., Ausführliche Nachricht, Achte Continuation, p. 1060).

5. This would appear to be Johann Schwarzwaelder, progenitor of many Black-welders.

6. Elisabeth Held. See entry for 11 December.

7. The father’s name was Philip Gephart, a farmer aged 45, whose wife Martha was 43 (see Appendix IV).

8. Egmont’s list gives the father’s name as Condrit, which must be an error for Conried or Konrad. He was a weaver, aged 52, and his wife Elisabeth was 53, the son Hans Michael was 23, and the daughter Elisabeth was 17. The ages given are for 1738 (see Appendix IV).

9. The entries for 12-14 December have been deleted, perhaps because they related the sin atoned for on 16 December.

10. Mrs. Pichler.

11. See August, note 19.

12. “The divine market-place,” here perhaps humorous for “church.”

13. It is hard to see why Urlsperger suppressed Mrs. Kalcher’s name this time.

14. Boltzius is not concerned with her virginity, he is merely alluding to the wise virgins of Matthew 25.

15. See February, note 7.

16. Regrettably the surviving records go back only to 1756. See May, note 22.

17. In the 18th century “perverted” (verkehrt) meant “turned from God,” the opposite of “converted.”

18. Boltzius is inconsistent. If it was really so hard just to accompany the surveyor, then the surveyor should not have been blamed for his failure.

19. “Glory to God alone.”

APPENDIXES

1. Urlsperger, Ausführliche Nachricht, Fünfte Continuation, pp. 2587-89.

2. Grimmiger.

3. Urlsperger, Ausführliche Nachricht, Vierte Continuation, pp. 2307-12.

4. University of Georgia Libraries, MSS Collection, Egmont Papers, Additional, items 2 & 3.

5. Surely Schneider.

6. Possibly these were independent sons of John Peter Shantze, below.

7. Waldhauer.

8. Heinrich.

9. Surely Johann Schmidt.

10. “Walset is a good planter, has a large Family, came at his own Expense from Germany.” Oglethorpe to the Trustees, 29 December 1739, in Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. XXII, pt. II, 292. Walset may be an error for the common German name Walser.

11. Ulrich. A popular name among the Swiss and South Germans.

12. Probably Schönbacher, written according to Swabian phonology.

13. This name does not appear to be German; if it is, then it must be very corrupted.

14. Schlechtermann. Survivors of this unfortunate family wrote their names as Slechterman, Sletterman, Sleighterman, Slittman, etc.

15. Probably Conried.

16. Possibly Michael Schneider.

17. This woman seems to have been the reality behind the name “Kunegunda Knowart.”

18. This must be the “Shatz” who served as foreman for the Germans at St. Simons, even though he knew “not one word of English.” See Candler, ed., Col. Rec. Ga. V, 283; also XXII, pt. II, 353.

19. Urlsperger, Ausführliche Nachricht, Sechste Continuation, pp. 359-66.

20. Urlsperger has erroneously given the name as “Seiter,” instead of Reiter.

21. Urlsperger has “Sottenberger.”