Notes
CHAPTER I
1. Gravestone, Page-King burial plot, Saint Simons Island, Georgia; Henry G. Wheeler, History of Congress, Biographical and Political: Comprising Memoirs of Members of the Congress of the United States, Drawn from Authentic Sources: Embracing the Prominent Events of their Lives, and Their Connection with the Political History of the Times (New York, 1848), II, 9 (hereinafter cited as Wheeler, History of Congress); Sarah Harriet Butts, The Mothers of Some Distinguished Georgians of the Last Half of the Century (New York, 1902), p. 96.
2. Edward Elbridge Salisbury, Family Histories and Genealogies. A Series of Genealogical and Biographical Monographs on the Families of McCurdy, Mitchell, Lord, Lynde, Digby … and a Notice of Chief Justice Morrison Remick Waite (New Haven, 1892), I, 280-90 (hereinafter cited as Family Histories); Frances Man-waring Caulkins, History of New London, Connecticut. From the First Survey of the Coast in 1612, to 1852 (New London, 1860), pp. 152-54, 235.
3. Josiah Howard Temple, History of the Town of Palmer, Massachusetts, Early Known as the Elbow Tract: Including Records of the Plantation, District and Town, 1716-1889 (Springfield, 1889), pp. 30-32, 55-74, 140, 167-68, 496-99 (hereinafter cited as History of the Town of Palmer).
4. Ibid., pp. 496-99; Salisbury, Family Histories, I, 280-90; Butts, op. cit., p. 96; R. J. Massey, “Thomas Butler King,” in Men of Mark in Georgia, ed. William J. Northen (Atlanta, 1907-1912), II, 366; Wayland Fuller Dunaway, A History of Pennsylvania (New York, 1948), pp. 135-36; George Peck, Wyoming; Its History, Stirring Incidents, and Romantic Adventures (New York, 1858), pp. 38-43.
5. Massey, “Thomas Butler King,” loc. cit., p. 366.
6. Thomas J. Abernethy, “A Brief History of Westfield Academy,” an unpublished ms. in the Westfield Athenaeum, pp. 2-14.
7. Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 9; Massey, “Thomas Butler King,” loc. cit., p. 366.
8. Lois Kimball Mathews, The Expansion of New England (Boston, 1909), pp. 139 ff.
9. Wayne County, Georgia, Deed Book B, pp. 280-83; Glynn County, Georgia, Deed Book H, pp. 44-45, 437-46; Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 10; Wilson and Fiske, Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, III, 546-47.
10. Samuel Washington McCallie, Physical Geography of Georgia (Atlanta, 1925), pp. 19-24; Executive Documents, 24th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 122.
11. The life of the Sea Islands is probably best known through the publication of Frances Anne Kemble’s Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838-1839 (New York, 1863); Ellis Merton Coulter, Thomas Spalding of Sapelo (University, La., 1940) is a modern study of one of the leading planters of the islands. A more romantic approach is to be found in Caroline Couper Lovell, The Golden Isles of Georgia (Boston, 1952). Guion Griffis Johnson, A Social History of the Sea Islands with Special Reference to St. Helena Island, South Carolina (Chapel Hill, 1930) deals more with South Carolina than with Georgia, but extensive references to Glynn County planters are to be found on pp. 60-68.
12. Strictly speaking, Savannah has no harbor; only the depth of the river on which Savannah is located allowed the city to develop an ocean commerce. Darien, at the mouth of the Altamaha, offers no good deepwater anchorage. Executive Documents, 24th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 122.
13. George Gillman Smith, The Story of Georgia and the Georgia People, 1732 to 1860 (Macon, Ga., 1900), pp. 304-05; Ellis Merton Coulter, A Short History of Georgia (Chapel Hill, 1933), pp. 186, 221, 266-69.
14. Glynn County, Georgia, Deed Book A-B-E-F, pp. 269-75, 426-29, 517, 519; Deed Book G, pp. 24-25, 63-65, 127, 194, 219-20, 394-95, 410; Records of Christ Church, Frederica, Georgia, in possession of Mrs. Margaret Davis Cate, Sea Island, Georgia; Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 10.
15. William Page to Messrs. B. King & Co., June 9, 1823; B. King & Co. to Anna M. Page, July 16, August 18, 1823; Anna M. Page to B. King & Co., July 26, August 23, 26, 1823; John McNish to Anna M. Page, July 22, 1823, William Page Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C.
16. Glynn County (Georgia) Court of Ordinary, Wills and Appraisements, Book D, pp. 157, 209 ff.
17. Glynn County (Georgia) Court of Ordinary, Wills and Appraisements, Book D. pp. 209 ff.; United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Charts, 1856, 1867; interviews with Mrs. F. D. Aiken, Saint Simons Island, Georgia, July 16, 28, 1954. Mrs. Aiken, a granddaughter of Thomas Butler King who lived at Retreat in the 1870’s, was able to identify buildings on coastal charts of the ante-bellum period and to relate some family traditions about the house and buildings. Remains of the tabby buildings and foundations of the main dwelling can still be observed on the grounds of the Sea Island Golf Course, Saint Simons Island.
18. Wayne County (Georgia) Deed Book B-C-D, pp. 189-93. Deeds for the Mineral Springs Academy and the Mineral Springs religious meeting ground give some ideas of the plan of the colony; hardly any traces remain at the site.
19. Memorandum of sale, June 1, 1830; Thomas Butler King to John G. Shool-bred, January 6, 1836, King Papers; Wayne County (Georgia) Deed Book B-C-D, pp. 218, 219, 236, 555; Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 11, recorded King’s income from planting in the middle Thirties as about $20,000 yearly.
CHAPTER II
1. William Wigg Hazzard, “History of Glynn County,” manuscript, Library, University of Georgia, Athens.
2. James Etheridge Callaway, The Early Settlement of Georgia (Athens, 1948), p. 54; Kenneth Coleman, The American Revolution in Georgia, 1763-1789 (Athens, 1958), pp. 10, 227; Map of Brunswick, October 12, 1819, King Papers.
3. Executive Documents, 24th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 130, p. 5; for further descriptions of the harbor, see ibid., No. 122, No. 123.
4. Executive Documents, 24th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 122; Margaret Davis Cate, Our Todays and Yesterdays: A Story of Brunswick and the Coastal Islands (Brunswick, 1930), pp. 161-64 (hereinafter cited as Our Todays).
5. Acts of the General Assembly (1826), p. 53. The incorporators were James Fort, John Burnett, Sr., John Burnett, Jr., James Gould, Daniel Blue, John Hardee, William B. Davis, Henry DuBignon, Stephen Clay King, and Thomas Butler King.
6. Acts of the General Assembly (1834), pp. 331-33; Glynn County, Georgia, Deed Book H, pp. 461-64. For further details on the Davis episode, see Fletcher Melvin Green, “Georgia’s Board of Public Works, 1817-1826,” Georgia Historical Quarterly, XXII (June 1938), 136-37, and Ralph Betts Flanders, “Planters’ Problems in Ante-Bellum Georgia,” ibid., XIV (March 1930), 26-28.
7. Executive Documents, 24th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 122, p. 19. The cotton traffic on the Altamaha was estimated at 70-80,000 bales annually.
8. Ibid., p. 16.
9. Milton Sidney Heath, Constructive Liberalism: The Role of the State in the Economic Development in Georgia to 1860 (Cambridge, 1954), passim; see especially Chapter X.
10. Acts of the General Assembly (1834), pp. 212-18.
11. Executive Documents, 24th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 122. Baldwin’s engineering report occupies the first twelve pages of this document.
12. Survey vouchers, King Papers, 1835-1836. Lack of dates and supplementary information impairs the usefulness of these papers for detailing the progress of the survey. Baldwin submitted a bill of $4,070 for his services. However, King later wrote that he shared the original expense with Abraham Colby, and that their contract with Baldwin was assumed by the company after its formation. King to Thomas Lamb, July 16, 1837, King Papers. See also, Cate, Our Todays, pp. 208-10.
13. Acts of the General Assembly (1835), pp. 187-93, 217.
14. Acts of the General Assembly (1836), pp. 40-42. The Bank of Brunswick was a later refinement of the Brunswick scheme, and the charter was secured after outside capital had been obtained. However, most of the charter associates can be identified as local residents.
15. Deed for 5,640 acres adjoining the town of Brunswick, October 13, 1836, King Papers.
16. Acts of the General Assembly (1835), pp. 54-55.
17. Glynn County, Georgia, Deed Book H, pp. 470-74, 501-09, 517-25; N. H. Ballard, 118th Annual Report of the Public Schools of Glynn County Georgia and the City of Brunswick (Brunswick, 1906), pp. 64 ff.
18. T. B. King to Edward Eldredge, December 29, 1836, King Papers. Although the basic nature of the financing is simple, the existence of three companies with mutual stockholders, directors, and officers tends to confuse the records. Charles W. Cartwright of Boston was chairman of the board of directors of the land and railroad companies; King was president, Thomas Lamb was secretary, and William Hales, treasurer.
19. T. B. King to Henry K. Curtis, Nov. 7, 1836; T. B. King to B. F. Perham, Nov. 7, 1836; T. B. King to Thomas Lamb, April 3, 1837; Henry Curtis to T. B. King, April 18, June 16, 1837; B. F. Perham to T. B. King, June 16, 1837, King Papers. For further details of the Brunswick development, see the writer’s “Flush Times in Brunswick, Georgia, in the 1830’s,” Georgia Historical Quarterly, XXXIX (September 1955), 221-39.
20. Edward Eldredge to T. B. King, March 25, April 10, 1837; Thomas Lamb to T. B. King, May 9, July 30, 1837, King Papers.
21. T. B. King to Thomas Lamb, Aug. 23, 1837, King Papers. King estimated his assessment at $6,875. According to the treasurer’s report, Oct. 26, 1837, King’s version of his debt was correct. The worst delinquents among the subscribers seem to have been Amos Davis of Bangor, Maine, and Abraham Colby of Boston.
22. T. B. King to Thomas Lamb, July 16, 1837, King Papers.
23. Thomas Lamb to T. B. King, July 30, 1837; Treasurer’s Report, Brunswick and Florida Railroad Company, Oct. 26, 1837, King Papers.
24. Thomas G. Cary to T. B. King, May 1, 1839. See also, Cary to King, February 8, March 1, June 24, 1839, King Papers.
25. T. B. King to H. K. Curtis, Aug. 22, 1838; T. B. King to Thomas G. Cary, Aug. 23, 1838, King Papers. In discussing his trip to Philadelphia, King told his correspondents that he went by invitation and presented his scheme to “Mr. Biddle.” Although it seems likely that this was Nicholas Biddle, no identifying name appears in King’s correspondence, and he later corresponded with E. R. Biddle regarding the railroad.
26. T. B. King to E. R. Biddle, Oct. 19, 1838, King Papers. Apparently, working capital was to be secured through state aid, issue of bank notes by the Bank of Brunswick, and bond sales in England.
27. T. B. King to Thomas G. Cary, Aug. 23, 1838; Mitchel Young to T. B. King, Oct. 27, 1838; William Smith to T. B. King, Oct. 29, 1838; T. E. Blackshear to T. B. King, Nov. 15, 1838, King Papers.
28. T. B. King to H. K. Curtis, Aug. 22, 1838; T. B. King to Thomas G. Cary, Aug. 23, 1838; Moncure Robinson to T. B. King, Sept. 5, 1838; T. B. King to Joseph Lyman, Oct. 13, 1838; Joseph Lyman to T. B. King, Nov. 1, 1838, King Papers.
29. T. B. King to H. K. Curtis, Aug. 22, 1838; H. K. Curtis to T. B. King, Sept. 21, 1838, King Papers. Curtis was to contribute his notes on the original survey as well as his services.
30. T. B. King to Thomas G. Cary, Aug. 23, Nov. 10, 1838; E. R. Biddle to T. B. King, Sept. 28, 1838, and King to Biddle, Oct. 19, 1838; Joseph Lyman to T. B. King, Nov. 20, 1838, King Papers.
31. Joseph Lyman to T. B. King, Nov. 20, 1838, King Papers.
32. Thomas G. Cary to T. B. King, Nov. 10, 1838, March 10, May 10, 1839; James Hamilton to T. B. King, Jan. 19, Feb. 10, 1839, King Papers.
33. Thomas G. Cary to T. B. King, May 3, 1839; T. B. King to Benjamin A. Lincoln, Oct. 19, 1838, King Papers.
34. Brunswick Advocate, June 8, 1837, Nov. 1, Dec. 27, 1838.
35. Senate Documents, 23rd Cong., 1st Sess., No. 289, p. 295; ibid., 26th Cong., 1st Sess., No. 577, p. 283.
36. Matthew Brown Hammond, The Cotton Industry; An Essay in American Economic History (Ithaca, 1897), pp. 360-61, interleaves.
37. M. Grace Madeleine, Monetary and Banking Theories of Jacksonian Democracy (Philadelphia, 1943), pp. 87, 99-103, 110-11.
38. Moncure Robinson to T. B. King, July 4, Aug. 18, 1839, King Papers.
39. A. L. King to T. B. King, Jan. 28, Feb. 13, 1841, King Papers.
40. George White, Statistics of the State of Georgia … (Savannah, 1849), p. 285. See also, Executive Documents, 24th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 130; Senate Documents, 27th Cong., 3rd Sess., No. 247, p. 339.
CHAPTER III
1. The following summary is based primarily on Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, Georgia and State Rights, A Study of the Political History of Georgia from the Revolution to the Civil War, with Particular Regard to Federal Relations (Washington, 1902), pp. 96-142 (hereinafter cited as Georgia and State Rights); Paul Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853 (Chapel Hill, 1948), pp. 1-88; Helen lone Greene, “Politics in Georgia, 1830-1854,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1946, pp. 52-73; Porter Lee Fortune, Jr., “George M. Troup, Leading State Rights Advocate,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, 1949, pp. 298-314.
2. Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, p. 34.
3. Senate Journal (1832), pp. 115-16.
4. Ibid., pp. 189-95, 206, 235-36.
5. Ibid., pp. 220-44. For an account of the general movement, see Fletcher Melvin Green, Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States, 1776-1860. A Study in the Evolution of Democracy (Chapel Hill, 1930), pp. 179, 187, 206-09, 233 (hereinafter cited as Constitutional Development).
6. Journal of a General Convention of the State of Georgia to Reduce the Members of the General Assembly. Begun and Held at Milledgeville, the Seat of Government, in May 1833, pp. 17-19, 22-27, 32-35, 48-49 (hereinafter cited as Journal of a General Convention, 1833). According to a tabulation supplied to the delegates, the population of Glynn in 1831 was: White, 622; Colored, 4,028; Representative, 3,039.
7. Journal of a General Convention, 1833, p. 46; Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, pp. 50, 52; Green, Constitutional Development, p. 236.
8. Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, pp. 59-61; Savannah Republican, Oct. 13, 29, Nov. 1, 1834. It is interesting to note that the Republican first used the term “Whig” to describe Georgia anti-Jacksonians in a discussion of the 1834 elections, Oct. 17, 1834.
9. James Graves was sentenced to death by the Georgia courts for his part in a violent episode in the Cherokee gold country. He appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which issued a writ of error summoning the governor of Georgia to appear before the Supreme Court, but the sentence of the state court was carried out.
10. Senate Journal (1834), pp. 90-94.
11. Savannah Republican, December 15, 1834.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., December 16, 1834.
14. Ibid., December 12 (quoting the Milledgeville Georgia Journal), 15, 16, 1834.
15. Senate Journal (1834), pp. 103-06. In three later trials of strength on issues related to the Graves case, King also stood with the State Rights minority. Ibid., pp. 182, 260-63, 300-01.
16. Ibid., pp. 241-56.
17. Ibid., pp. 27, 119, 136, 267-68, 359-62. It may be recalled that King was just now gaining control of Davis’s old enterprises in Brunswick.
18. Senate Journal (1835), pp. 60, 99, 129, 177, 263.
19. Savannah Republican, August 26, 28, Sept. 14, 1835.
20. Senate Journal (1835), pp. 12-14, 119-21, 326.
21. Ibid., pp. 102, 352-57; Savannah Republican, Nov. 14, 25, Dec. 4, 1837, Jan. 5, 1838.
22. Senate Journal (1837), pp. 6, 8, 30, 44, 66, 71, 88, 105, 164, 218-19, 221-23, 228-29, 286.
23. Senate Journal (1837), pp. 10-11, 12-15, 105, 237, 239, 249-57, 268-69, 297-301; Thomas Payne Govan, “Banking and the Credit System in Georgia, 1810-1860,” Journal of Southern History, IV (May 1938), 164-84.
24. Senate Journal (1838), pp. 97-100, 148-52, 156, 228, 264, 291.
25. Ibid., pp. 103-06.
26. Ibid., pp. 189-91.
27. Ibid., pp. 163-65, 189-91, 301-04.
28. Ibid., pp. 11-14, 67, 243, 263, 278-89, 301; Savannah Georgian, Oct. 4, 20, 1838; Savannah Republican, Nov. 19, 24, Dec. 3, 5, 1838. The Republican correspondent hints strongly that a deal arranged between King and the Central Railroad group broke down.
29. Savannah Republican, Aug. 28, Dec. 21, 1835; Nov. 17, 1836; March 9, April 14, 29, May 18, 1837.
30. Savannah Republican, Sept. 21, 1838. The technique of issuing personal platforms enabled the State Righters to exploit the strength of individual candidates, but it gave no guaranty of later harmony.
31. Ibid., Oct. 22, 1838. The contest was extremely close. Only 3,000 votes separated William C. Dawson, who received the greatest number, from McWhorter, the Union Democrat who received the least.
32. Brunswick Advocate, Oct. 4, 1838. King received 105 votes, his opponents 17. In his simultaneous race for the Senate, King received 84 votes, opponents unrecorded.
33. Herbert Wender, Southern Commercial Conventions, 1837-1859 (Baltimore, 1930), pp. 9-11; Weymouth T. Jordan, “Cotton Planters’ Conventions in the Old South,” Journal of Southern History, XIX (August 1953), 321-45.
34. Savannah Republican, Oct. 18, 20, 21, 1837. The limited co-partnership was designed to induce European firms to establish transatlantic branches. King sponsored such a law in the Georgia legislature.
35. Ibid., April 4, 5, 6, 7, 1838; Wender, Southern Commercial Conventions, 1837-1859, pp. 19-21.
36. Savannah Republican, Oct. 26, 29, 31, Nov. 1, 1839; for a more detailed account of the convention and its plan, see Thomas Payne Govan, “An Ante-Bellum Attempt to Regulate the Price and Supply of Cotton,” North Carolina Historical Review, XVII (October 1940), 302-12.
37. Madeleine, Monetary and Banking Theories of Jacksonian Democracy, pp. 110-11; Hammond, The Cotton Industry, pp. 360-61, interleaf; John Aiton Todd, The World’s Cotton Crops (London, 1924), p. 145.
38. Govan, “An Ante-Bellum Attempt to Regulate the Price and Supply of Cotton,” loc. cit., p. 312.
CHAPTER IV
1. Anne Royall, The Huntress, March 7, 1840; see also T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, March 4, 1851, King Papers. A portrait of King is to be found in the American Review, II (1848), 438-39, interleaf.
2. Francis Hobart Herrick, Audubon the Naturalist; A History of His Life and Time (New York, 1917), II, 11-12; Anne Royall, The Huntress, March 7, 1840.
3. For King’s manner of speaking, see Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 62; Theodore Dehon Jervey, Robert Y. Hayne and His Times (New York, 1909), pp. 517-18; Savannah Republican, April 7, 1838; Savannah Georgian, Sept. 10, 1844, Oct. 2, 1848.
4. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Feb. 12, 1843; March 7, May 23, 1848; T. B. King to Anna M. King, Feb. 12, 1843, King Papers. The King correspondence reflects an unbroken mutual devotion between husband and wife. The Kings’ eldest son, William Page, died at the age of six. Gravestones, King-Page burial plot, Saint Simons Island, Ga.
5. J. F. King to Lin Caperton, Feb. 19, 1866, King Papers.
6. Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 10; T. B. King to Anna M. King, Dec. 18, 1842, King Papers.
7. Henry S. McKean to T. B. King, June 2, July 3, 1842; James I. Kuhn to T. B. King, Dec. 4, 1841, King Papers.
8. Charles Grant to T. B. King, April 6, 1844; J. N. Reynolds to T. B. King, Aug. 5, 1846; Robert C. Schenck to T. B. King, May 6, 1846, King Papers; Wayne County, Georgia, Deed Book B-C-D, pp. 189-93; Herrick, Audubon the Naturalist; A History of His Life and Time, II, 11-12; Howard Corning, ed., Journal of John James Audubon Made While Obtaining Subscriptions to his “Birds of America?’ 1840-1843 (Cambridge, 1929), pp. 64, 67, 75; Brunswick Advocate, July 27, Aug. 16, Sept. 13, 1838.
9. Congressional Globe, 26th Cong., 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 808.
10. T. B. King to Anna M. King, May 29, 1840, King Papers.
11. Niles’ National Register, LVIII (March-September, 1840), 152. King was the only member of the Georgia congressional delegation who attended the Baltimore meeting.
12. Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 16 states that King “franked upward of forty thousand” documents in four months of this campaign. See also the draft of a letter, T. B. King to his fellow Georgians, May 29, 1840, King Papers, and Savannah Republican, May 4, 1840.
13. Arthur Charles Cole, The Whig Party in the South (Washington, 1913), pp. 56-61; Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, pp. 172 ff. The Savannah Republican began referring to King and his colleagues as Georgia Whigs in March, 1840, when it came out for Harrison for President.
14. A. L. King to T. B. King, June 2, 1840; B. H. Conyers to T. B. King, June 3, 1840; Thomas F. Hazzard to T. B. King, July 28, 1840, King Papers.
15. Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, p. 182; Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 16; Savannah Georgian, July 13, Aug. 6, 8, 1840.
16. Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 16; Savannah Republican, July 28, Aug. 5, 21, Oct. 3, Dec. 25, 1840.
17. William Y. Hansell to T. B. King, July 24, 1840. There is some evidence that the Rockwell note was involved in the purchase of a party organ for the State Rights party. Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 12; undated, unidentified newspaper clippings, King Papers; Iverson L. Harris to George W. Lamar, March 10, 1841, Iverson Louis Harris Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C.
18. R. R. Cuyler to T. B. King, March 23, 1840, King Papers. Cuyler, a prominent railroad promoter and politician in Savannah, was a personal friend for whom King named his youngest son.
19. A. L. King to T. B. King, Jan. 28, 1841; George C. Dunham to T. B. King, Feb. 8, 1841, King Papers. Dunham was one of King’s overseers.
20. Notices of four suits at law, April, 1841, King Papers; W. W. Hazzard to T. B. King, Feb. 1, 1841; John W. Anderson to T. B. King, Feb. 4, 1841; L. McDonald to T. B. King, Feb. 15, 1841, King Papers.
21. Savannah Georgian, Oct. 22, 1840; Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, p. 184.
22. House Journal, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 328, 331, 344.
23. Congressional Globe, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 302.
24. Charles Francis Adams, ed., Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, Comprising Portions of his Diary From 1795 to 1848 (Philadelphia, 1874-1877), X, 512 (hereinafter cited as Adams, Diary).
25. House Journal, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 325.
26. Ibid., pp. 403, 409, 512.
27. Executive Documents and Reports Committees, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., No. 3.
28. Congressional Globe, 27th COng., 1st Sess., p. 239.
29. House Journal, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 270, 311; Senate Journal, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 129-30.
30. Congressional Globe, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 238. John Quincy Adams successfully blocked Wise’s attempt to exclude steamers from the squadron.
31. Charles Lee Lewis, Matthew Fontaine Maury the Pathfinder of the Seas (Annapolis, 1927), pp. 32-41; John Walter Wayland, The Pathfinder of the Seas; the Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury (Richmond, 1930), pp. 41-51.
32. Henry King to T. B. King, July 30, 1841; Arthur St. C. Nichols to T. B. King, July 24, 1841; A. E. Brown to T. B. King, July 25, 1841; Samuel Lawrence to T. B. King, July 27, 1841, King Papers.
33. Washington National Intelligencer, Sept. 18, 1841.
34. Harold Hance and Margaret Tuttle Sprout, The Rise of American Naval Power, 1776-1918 (Princeton, 1949), pp. 117-18.
35. Congressional Globe, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 412.
36. House Journal, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 235.
37. Congressional Globe, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 99.
38. Adams, Diary, X, 512.
39. House Journal, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 302.
40. House Journal, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 217-23; Adams, Diary, X, 539; Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, pp. 194 ff.; Raynor G. Wellington, The Political and Sectional Influence of the Public Lands, 1828-1842 (Cambridge, 1914), pp. 98-102; Roy N. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage; The Public Domain, 1776-1936 (Princeton, 1942), p. 83.
41. Henry King to T. B. King, Nov. 21, 1841, King Papers.
42. Duncan L. Clinch to T. B. King, Aug. 12, Dec. 23, 1841, King Papers.
43. George C. Dunham to T. B. King, Feb. 8, June 23, 28, Aug. 9, 14, 18, Sept. 18, 1841; John Dunham to T. B. King, July 29, 1841, King Papers.
44. Henry King to T. B. King, Nov. 21, 1841, King Papers.
45. T. B. King to his creditors (Draft), Jan. 17, 1842, King Papers; Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 11. The Savannah Republican of March 5, 1842, contains the notices of U. S. Marshal’s sales of 246 slaves and nearly 20,000 acres in three counties to satisfy judgments against King. Later references in the King Papers make it clear that the sacrifice of this property still left King in debt.
46. S. T. Chapman to T. B. King, Feb. 20, 1842, King Papers.
47. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Aug. 11-12, 1842, King Papers.
48. Anna M. King to T. B. King, June 2, Aug. 11-12, Aug. 16, 1842; Sherrod Williams to T. B. King, July 16, 1842, King Papers.
49. Caleb S. Hunt to T. B. King, June 9, 1842; H. S. McKean to T. B. King, July 3, 1842; Anna M. King to T. B. King, Aug. 9, 11-12, 1842, King Papers.
50. James McIntosh to T. B. King, May 17, 1842, King Papers. See also Henry King to T. B. King, Dec. 22, 1841, King Papers.
51. Sprout, The Rise of American Naval Power, 1776-1918, pp. 124-26; Allan Ferguson Westcott, ed., American Sea Power Since 1775 (Chicago, 1947), pp. 101-04.
52. Savannah Republican, October 13, 24, 1842; Washington National Intelligencer, Oct. 24, 31, 1842; Niles’ National Register, LXIII (1842), 144.
53. Savannah Republican, Oct. 17, 19, 20, 22, 1842.
54. T. B. King to Anna M. King, Oct. 24, 1842, King Papers.
55. Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, pp. 101-05; Savannah Republican, June 16, 17, 1842; Committee of the nominating convention to T. B. King, June 16, 1842; Edward Hopkins to T. B. King, June 21, 1842, King Papers. Hopkins wrote King that the early declaration for Clay was designed to strengthen the state ticket, but expressed doubt that it would have much favorable effect.
56. Savannah Georgian, October 22, 26, 1842. Under the general ticket system of election, each candidate ran against the field, rather than contesting with a specific rival for the vote of a district. The election tested not only the strength of the parties, but the comparative drawing power of individual candidates throughout the state.
57. T. B. King to Anna M. King, February 12, 1843, King Papers.
58. T. B. King to Anna M. King, Jan. 14 [?], 1843, Feb. 12, 1843; William P. Molett to T. B. King, Feb. 4, 1843; R. W. Thompson to T. B. King, April 28, 1843; David Law to T. B. King, Nov. 9, 1843, King Papers. King even considered making a new start in the West and consulted with friends on the possibilities of Missouri and Iowa as future homes.
CHAPTER V
1. Savannah Republican, May 31, June 24, 26, 1843; Duncan L. Clinch to T. B. King, May 4, 1843; John M. Berrien to T. B. King, May 12, 1843; A. J. Miller to T. B. King, May 29, 1843; David Law to T. B. King, Aug. 7, 1843; W. C. Dawson to T. B. King, Aug. 8, 1843, King Papers.
2. T. B. King to Anna M. King, June 26, 1843; J. H. Steele to T. B. King, July 14, 1843; C. H. Hopkins to T. B. King, July 23, 1843; W. C. Dawson to T. B. King, Aug. 8, 1843, King Papers.
3. Savannah Republican, Aug. 30, Oct. 18, 27, 30, Nov. 25, 1843; John W. Hooper to T. B. King, Aug. 28, 1843, King Papers.
4. Savannah Republican, Oct. 14, Nov. 15, 1843; Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, pp. 105-06, 116; O. A. Luckett to T. B. King, Sept. 1, 1843, King Papers.
5. T. B. King to Anna M. King, May 11, 21, 1844, King Papers; Savannah Republican, May 7, 11, June 12, 1844; John C. Butler, Historical Record of Macon and Central Georgia … (Macon, 1879), p. 163.
6. The Savannah Republican, July 27, 1844, contains King’s Address to the People of the First Congressional District, which formed the basis of his reported campaign speeches and debates.
7. Savannah Georgian, July 23, 1844.
8. Ibid., Sept. 10, 1844.
9. Savannah Republican, Aug. 31, 1844.
10. Savannah Georgian, Oct. 15, 1844.
11. Ibid., Oct. 17, 1844; Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, pp. 110-11. King defeated Spalding, 3,809 to 3,078.
12. James R. Harvey to T. B. King, Oct. 22, 1844; see also, S. T. Chapman to T. B. King, Aug. 30, 1844, King Papers.
13. Joseph H. Burroughs to J. M. Berrien, Jan. 10, 1845, transcript supplied through the courtesy of the late Mrs. M. D. Cate, Sea Island, Georgia; M. M. Mattox to T. B. King, Feb. 8, 1845; T. B. King to General [Charles L. Floyd ?], Feb. 15, 1845; F. S. Bartow to T. B. King, March 22, 1845, King Papers; Savannah Republican, Jan. 10, 1845.
14. John Dunham to T. B. King, Dec. 3, 1845; Henry King to T. B. King, Dec 12, 1845; for agricultural experiments, see particularly the series of letters, John Couper to T. B. King, Aug. 8, 23, 24, Oct. 28, 1845, and James M. Sturtevant to T. B. King, June 13, 1845, King Papers.
15. J. W. Winter to T. B. King, Aug. 9, 1845, King Papers.
16. Winter to King, Nov. 4, 1845; see also, S. T. Chapman to T. B. King, Oct. 17, 1845, and Duncan L. Clinch to T. B. King, Oct. 26, 1845, King Papers; Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, pp. 123-24.
17. House Journal, 29th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 622; Congressional Globe, 29th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 1118.
18. Ibid., Appendix, p. 465.
19. Ibid., p. 467.
20. Ibid., pp. 247, 812, 963-64, 1146.
21. Reports of Committees, 29th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. I, No. 144, Vol. Ill, No. 681. See also, John Ericsson to John O. Sargent, March 21, 1847, King Papers.
22. Reports of Committees, 29th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. Ill, No. 685.
23. Francis Winter to T. B. King, April 12, 1846; J. C. Hall to T. B, King, August 8, 1846, King Papers.
24. Ibid.; Savannah Georgian, August 25, Sept. 12, 1846.
25. Savannah Georgian, July 18, 27; Aug. 5, 11, 13, 20, 22, 31; Sept. 3, 5, 10, 25, 28; Oct. 1, 1846.
26. Thomas Chambers to T. B. King, Aug. 3, 1846, King Papers.
27. Truman Smith to T. B. King, Sept. 16, 1846; J. H. C. Mudd to T. B. King, Oct. 13, Nov. 23, 1846; Thomas Corwin to T. B. King, Nov. 6, 1846, King Papers.
28. Savannah Republican, Sept. 2, 9, 14, 16, 21, 29; Oct. 2, 6, 15, 29, 1846.
29. Henry King to T. B. King, July 25, 1846; S. C. King to T. B, King, Dec. 15, 1846; John Dunham to T. B. King, Jan. 28, May 13, 1846; Thomas G. Cary to T. B. King, Nov. 9, 1846, King Papers.
30. Congressional Globe, 29th Cong., 2nd Sess., pp. 33, 54, 57, 140, 568-69.
31. Ibid., pp. 574-75. John Haskell Kemble, The Panama Route 1848-1869 (Berkeley, 1943), devotes his first chapter to a detailed history of the contracts.
32. House Journal, 29th Cong., 2nd Sess., p. 404; Francis M. Blount to T. B. King, Jan. 11, 1847; J. L. Locke to T. B. King, Nov. 15, 1847; John W. Anderson to T. B. King, Dec. 18, 1847, King Papers.
33. House Journal, 29th Cong., 2nd Sess., pp. 347, 350, 502.
34. New York Tribune, March 18, 1847.
35. Ibid., March 24, 1847.
36. Committee of Correspondence to T. B. King, May 1, 1847; R. R. Cuyler to T. B. King, April 13, 1847, King Papers. Cuyler, President of the Central Railroad, was a personal friend for whom King named his youngest son.
37. Savannah Republican, June 3, 1847; Daniel Webster, The Writings of Daniel Webster (Boston, 1903), IV, 96-103.
38. Anon., “The Chicago Convention,” American Whig Review, VI (1847), 111-22; see also, Mentor L. Williams, “The Chicago River and Harbor Convention, 1847,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXV (1949), 607-26.
39. Daniel Webster to T. B. King, July 1, 1847, King Papers.
40. Washington National Intelligencer, July 15, 1847; Savannah Republican, July 21, 1847.
41. Andrew L. King to T. B. King, August 10, 1847, King Papers.
42. G. W. Anderson to T. B. King, November 19, 1847, King Papers.
43. Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 73, 103, 177, 238, 400, 683, 838, 951.
44. Ibid., pp. 82, 135, 197, 779, 831, 838, 925-26, 951.
45. Ibid., pp. 167, 285, 431, 916, 944, 986-87; Milo Milton Quaife, ed., Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845-1849 (Chicago, 1910), IV, 35, 53 (hereinafter cited as Polk, Diary).
46. Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 782, 792, 805, 982; Kemble, The Panama Route, 1848-1869, pp. 17-19, 28-29.
47. Reports of Committees, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. Ill, No. 596. King at the time was in close touch with W. H. Aspinwall and other promoters who held the Pacific mail contract and were planning to build a Panama canal or railroad. Aspinwall to King, June 27, 1848; W. McKnight to T. B. King, July 30, 1848, King Papers.
48. Washington National Intelligencer, May 13, 19, Aug. 18, Sept. 30, Oct. 3, 5, 12, 13, 19, 31, 1848; Robert Royall Russel, Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast as an Issue in American Politics, 1783-1864 (Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1948), p. 8 (hereinafter cited as Improvement of Communication).
49. Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 429, 459, 512; House Journal, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 777, 1104, 1130-32, 1332. The discussion of the bill in the Savannah Republican, March 3, 7, April 3, 17, 1848, leaves no doubt about the popularity of the proposal in Georgia.
50. Anna M. King to T. B. King, May 23, 1848; R. R. Cuyler to T. B. King, March 26, May 16, 1848; S. M. Bennett to T. B. King, March 11, 1848; J. L. Locke to T. B. King, April 7, 1848, King Papers.
51. Edward T. Sheftall to T. B. King, May 13, 15, 1848, King Papers; Savannah Republican, May 15, 23, June 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 21, 28, 29, 1848.
52. W. W. Paine to T. B. King, June 6, 1848, King Papers.
53. Anna M. King to T. B. King, May 23, 1848, King Papers.
54. Lord King to T. B. King, June 16, 1848; see also, T. B. King, Jr., to T. B. King, Jan. 10, June 5, 1848, King Papers.
55. Washington National Intelligencer, Sept. 2, 19, 1848; Savannah Georgian, Sept. 16, 1848.
56. Savannah Georgian, Sept. 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, Oct. 2, 1848.
57. Ibid., Oct. 7, 9, 27, Dec. 5, 1848; Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, p. 139.
58. Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 2nd Sess., pp. 423, 427, 430, 465-67.
59. Reports of Committees, 30th Cong., 2nd Sess., Vol. I, No. 26.
60. Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 2nd Sess., pp. 40, 382-83. Aspinwall was not very hopeful about federal aid, but he thought King’s plan offered the best chance for obtaining it. Aspinwall to King, June 27, 1848, King Papers.
61. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb, American Historical Association Annual Reports (1911, Vol. II), pp. 139-42 (hereinafter cited as Phillips, Toombs-Stephens-Cobb Correspondence); Benton, Thirty Years’ View, II, 733-36; Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, 1825-1853, pp. 140-41.
62. Savannah Georgian, Feb. 6, 1849; Raleigh Register, Jan. 27, Feb. 14, 1849; Benton, Thirty Years’ View, II, 733-36; Phillips, Toombs-Stephens-Cobb Correspondence, p. 141.
CHAPTER VI
1. S. L. Smith to T. B. King, April 28, 1846, King Papers.
2. Henry King to T. B. King, June 22, 1846, King Papers.
3. John O. Sargent to T. B. King, April 4, 1848; see also, Sargent to King, May 5, 1848, King Papers.
4. S. Draper to T. B. King, Feb. 11, 29, 1848, King Papers.
5. John O. Sargent to T. B. King, April 22, 1848, King Papers.
6. James Walker to T. B. King, May 16, 1848, King Papers.
7. R. R. Cuyler to T. B. King, March 26, 1848, King Papers.
8. W. B. Hodgson to T. B. King, May 15, 1848, King Papers.
9. Washington National Intelligencer, June 9, 10, 12, 1848; Holman Hamilton, Zachary Taylor, Soldier in the White House (Indianapolis, 1951), pp. 89-97; Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union (New York, 1947), I, 201.
10. Thurlow Weed to T. B. King, July 15, 1848, King Papers.
11. Savannah Georgian, Sept. 21, 1848; Washington National Intelligencer, Sept. 19, 1848; Washington Daily Union, Sept. 2, 26, 1848; Hamilton, pp. 114-15, concludes that the Albany “revolt” was a cleverly managed act to quiet Clay supporters.
12. Savannah Republican, Sept. 18, 20, 21, 28; Oct. 2, 3, 19, 25, 27; Nov. 24, 1848.
13. Savannah Republican, Feb. 9, 1849; Washington Daily Union, Nov. 19, 25, 26, 1848.
14. R. R. Cuyler to T. B. King, Nov. 13, 1848, King Papers.
15. Hamilton, Zachary Taylor, Soldier in the White House, p. 136.
16. Woodburne Potter to T. B. King, Dec. 12, 18, 1848, King Papers.
17. Hamilton, Zachary Taylor, Soldier in the White House, pp. 136, 139.
18. John O. Sargent to John Jordan Crittenden, Feb. 6, 1849, Crittenden Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
19. Ibid.
20. Hamilton, Zachary Taylor, Soldier in the White House, p. 145.
21. J. L. Locke to T. B. King, Nov. 14, 1848, King Papers.
22. Alexander H. Stephens to John Jordan Crittenden, Jan. 17, 1849, Alexander H. Stephens Papers, Duke University, Durham, N. C. See also Stephens to Crittenden, Dec. 6, 1848, and Robert Toombs to Crittenden, Jan. 9, 1849, Crittenden Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
23. Hamilton, Zachary Taylor, Soldier in the White House, p. 152.
24. A. H. Stephens to J. J. Crittenden, Jan. 17, 1849, Alexander H. Stephens Papers, Duke University, Durham, N. C.
25. See the cryptic note, J. M. Berrien to Governor [George W.] Crawford, November 9, 1846, Berrien Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, which indicates that Berrien and Crawford both regarded King with some antagonism.
26. Anna M. King to H. L. P. King, April 5, 1849, King Papers.
27. Savannah Republican, March 16, 1849.
28. Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 1007; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union, I, 23; Richard Harrison Shryock, Georgia and the Union in 1850 (Durham, 1926), pp. 158-59.
29. John Middleton Clayton to John Jordan Crittenden, Dec. 13, 1848, John Jordan Crittenden Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; John Jordan Crittenden to John Middleton Clayton, Dec. 19, 1848, Jan. 7, April 11, 1849, John Middleton Clayton Papers (hereinafter cited as Clayton Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress); Coleman, Life of John J. Crittenden, I, 335; Phillips, Toombs-Stephens-Cobb Correspondence, p. 139.
30. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, The Life of Robert Toombs (New York, 1913), pp. 61-62.
31. House Journal, 30th Cong., 2nd Sess., pp. 539-40; Hamilton, Zachary Taylor, Soldier in the White House, p. 143.
32. Polk, Diary, IV, 375-76.
33. Cole, The Whig Party in the South, p. 155.
34. Executive Documents, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. V, pp. 9-11.
35. Ibid., pp. 11, 12, 743, 946-48; Thomas Ewing to Adam Johnson and Ewing to John Wilson, May 23, 1849, King Papers.
36. T. B. King to John Middleton Clayton, April 27, 1849, Clayton Papers; see also, Anna M. King to Henry Lord Page King, May 22, 1849, King Papers.
37. Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California (San Francisco, 1882-1890), VI, 278-79; Hallie Mae McPherson, “William McKendree Gwin, Expansionist,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, 1931, p. 98; Washington Daily Union, Jan. 30, 1850; T. B. King to Anna M. King, June 28, 1849, King Papers; T. B. King to John Middleton Clayton, June 20, 1849, Clayton Papers.
38. Executive Documents, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. V, pp. 785-92, 941-43; Vol. VIII, Doc. 59, p. 6.
39. T. B. King to John Middleton Clayton, July 22, 1849, Clayton Papers; see also Bayard Taylor, Eldorado, p. 208.
40. Executive Documents, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., V, 952; VIII, No. 59, p. 6; Thomas ap Catesby Jones to Anna M. King (copy), Sept. 1, 1849, King Papers; San Francisco Pacific News, August 25, 28, 30, Oct. 4, 13, 27, 1849.
41. T. B. King to George Washington Bonaparte Towns, Sept. 29, 1849, printed in the Savannah Republican, Dec. 24, 1849.
42. William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs (New York, 1891), I, 106; see also Taylor, Eldorado, p. 208. An excellent case, based only on speculation and hints, can be made out for the contention that King’s assignment in California was to win the senatorship for the Whigs. William M. Gwin and David C. Broderick, both Democrats, were known to have emigrated to California with the avowed intention of returning to Washington as senators. It is almost inconceivable that the administration should have neglected to provide a candidate to increase Whig representation if Congress should admit the new state that might be formed. It may be remembered that King had had a hand in a similar scheme when Iowa was admitted to the Union. The rumor was abroad in Georgia as early as August, 1849, that King was to be one of the new senators from California, and Howell Cobb later wrote his wife that King went to seek the senatorship. Mrs. King wrote that her husband spoke of his mission as “a bold stroke for fortune.” Strong confidence in King’s vote-getting ability might account for Clayton’s cryptic note to Crittenden: “the states will be admitted free and Whig.” As for the “free” in that statement, even Robert Toombs admitted that there was no likelihood of California’s being a slave state. See William Ellison, ed., “Memoirs of the Hon. William M. Gwin,” California Historical Society Quarterly, XIX (1940), 1-26, 157-84, 256-77, 344-67; Jeremiah Lynch, A Senator of the Fifties: David C. Broderick, of California (San Francisco, 1911), pp. 34, 38; Cole, The Whig Party in the South, p. 155; Phillips, The Life of Robert Toombs, pp. 60-61; George Fort Milton, The Eve of Conflict; Stephen A. Douglas and the Needless War (Boston, 1934), p. 49, footnote; Savannah Georgian, Aug. 12, 1849; Anna M. King to Henry Lord Page King, May 22, 1849, King Papers.
43. San Francisco Pacific News, Aug. 25, 28, 30, Oct. 4, 13, 23, 27, Nov. 6, 1849. The editors of the News were avowed Democrats.
44. Senate Journal, 1849-1850, pp. 24-25.
45. Washington Daily Union, Jan. 30, 1850.
46. Baltimore Sun, quoted in Savannah Daily Morning News, Jan. 26, 1850.
47. George Rawlings Poage, Henry Clay and the Whig Party (Chapel Hill, 1936), pp. 194, 204 ff.; Phillips, The Life of Robert Toombs, pp. 65 ff.; Hamilton, Zachary Taylor, Soldier in the White House, pp. 229 ff.
48. Richardson, Messages and Papers, V, 18.
49. Ibid., V, 29-30.
50. Washington Daily Union, Jan. 26, 1850.
51. Congressional Globe, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 337-40.
52. Washington National Intelligencer, Feb. 25, 1850.
53. Executive Documents, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. VIII, No. 59, p. 5.
54. Congressional Globe, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 349.
55. Thomas Butler King, Address of the Hon. T. Butler King to the People of the First Congressional District, May, 1859 (Savannah, 1859), passim.
56. Ibid., pp. 24-25.
57. T. J. Green to T. B. King, April 13, 1855, T. J. Green Papers.
58. Sherman, Memoirs, I, 106-07.
59. Executive Documents, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. VIII, No. 59, pp. 1-32. This document also had a commercial edition as a pamphlet entitled California: The Wonder of the Age.
60. William L. Hodge to T. B. King, April 10, 1850; C. W. Denison to T. B. King, May 6, 1850; Peterson Thweatt to T. B. King, June 13, 1850, King Papers; Savannah Daily Morning News, April 17, 1850, quoting Baltimore Sun.
61. T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, July 23, 1850, King Papers.
62. Helen lone Greene, “Politics in Georgia, 1830-1854,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1946, pp. 75, 195-96, 211-13,
63. Peterson Thweatt to T. B. King, June 13, 1850, King Papers.
64. J. N. Johnson to T. B. King, January 30, 1850, King Papers.
CHAPTER VII
1. T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, Oct. 14, Nov. 21, 24, 25, 1850, King Papers.
2. Same to same, Nov. 27, Dec. 16, 1850, Nov. 30, Dec. 4, 1851, King Papers.
3. T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, Jan. 8-11, 1851, King Papers.
4. Ibid.
5. T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, March 30, April 1, 28, 1851, King Papers. Patrick, another Negro who accompanied the Kings, proved to be overfond of drinking; he was given a job as messenger at the Custom House. T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, May 31, 1852.
6. San Francisco Alta California, Feb. 5, May 15, Sept. 30, 1851; San Francisco Daily Herald, July 19, 1850; Bancroft, History of California, VI, 675; J. H. C. Mudd, Special Treasury Agent, to Thomas Corwin, Feb. 15, 1851, Letters from Collectors, Jan., 1850 to Dec., 1852, San Francisco, Treasury Department, National Archives; Senate Documents, 32nd Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. X, No. 103, pp. 1-3.
7. Thomas Corwin to T. B. King, Nov. 15, 1850, Treasury Department Letter-books J, No. 1, Collectors California; T. B. King to Thomas Corwin, April 30, 1851 (two reports), Letters from Collectors, San Francisco, 1849-1851, Treasury Department Records, National Archives; Senate Documents, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. XIV, No. 82; Court of Claims Reports, 35th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 198; San Francisco Alta California and Daily Evening Picayune discuss the issues in great detail.
8. Treasury Department Letterbooks J, No. 1; Letters from Collectors, San Francisco, 1849-1851, Treasury Department Records, National Archives, Washington, D. C; San Francisco Alta California, Sept. 22-Oct. 31, 1851; San Francisco Daily Evening Picayune, Sept. 25-Oct. 1, 1851.
9. San Francisco Daily Herald, March 24, 25, 26, 1851; San Francisco Alta California, March 22, 23, 24, 25, 1851; San Francisco Pacific Daily News, March 24, 1851; E. Carey to T. B. King, March 28, 1851; S. Lamb to T. B. King, March 29, 1851, Letters from Collectors, San Francisco, 1849-1851, Treasury Department Records, National Archives; T. B. King to Thomas Corwin, Dec. 18, 1850; J. H. C. Mudd to Thomas Corwin, March 31, 1851, Thomas Corwin Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
10. T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, May 11, 1851, King Papers. The original spelling and punctuation are reproduced in the quotation.
11. San Francisco Alta California, May 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 1851.
12. San Francisco Daily Herald, May 29, 1851; similarly, San Francisco Alta California, May 29, 30, 1851.
13. T. B. King to Thomas Corwin, May 31, July 14, 1851, Letters from Collectors, San Francisco, 1849-1851, Treasury Department Records, National Archives; T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, July 15, 1851, King Papers; Hubert Howe Bancroft, Popular Tribunals (San Francisco, 1887), I, 346.
14. T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, March 14, 1852, King Papers. The spelling and punctuation of the original are reproduced. See also letters from Butler King to his mother, Nov. 30, Dec 15, 1851; Jan. 1, 13, 1852; T. B. King to Anna M. King, April 4, 1852, King Papers.
15. Robert Ernest Cowan, “The Leidesdorff-Folsom Estate,” California Historical Society Quarterly, VII (1928), p. 105-11; T. B. King, Jr., to T. B. King, Feb. 23, 25, 1853; account of T. B. King as agent, April 2, 1853, King Papers.
16. T. B. King to Anna M. King, April 4, 1852, King Papers.
17. T. B, King to J. H. C. Mudd, May 5, 1852; T. B. King to [Thomas Corwin?], May 15, 1852, Corwin Papers; Thomas Corwin to T. B. King, Oct. 2, 1852, Treasury Department Letterbooks J, No. 1, Treasury Department Records, National Archives.
18. San Francisco Alta California, Nov. 12, 1852.
19. T. B. King to Thomas Corwin, Nov. 15, 1852, Corwin Papers.
20. Senate Documents, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. XIV, No. 82; House Executive Documents, 33rd Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. II, No. 3, pp. 446-47; Vol VIII, No. 60; Vol. IX, No. 64; House Miscellaneous Documents, 37th Cong., 2nd Sess., Vol. I, No. 49, p. 3. For special treatment of the collectorship as a political office, see Leonard D. White, The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1829-1861 (New York, 1954), pp. 174-78.
21. Allan Nevins, Fremont, Pathmarker of the West (New York, 1939), pp. 388-96; Cardinal Leonidas Goodwin, John Charles Fremont, An Explanation of his Career (Stanford Univ., Calif., 1930), pp. 187-89; Charles Wentworth Upham, Life, Explorations and Public Services of John Charles Fremont (Boston, 1856), pp. 302, 309-10, 321-22.
22. San Francisco Alta California, Jan. 23, 1851.
23. San Francisco Pacific Daily News, Jan. 24, 1851.
24. San Francisco Daily Herald, Feb. 3, 1851.
25. T. B. King to Thomas Corwin, Jan. 15, April 30, 1851, Corwin Papers; Treasury Department Letterbooks, Letters from Collectors, San Francisco, Jan. 1850 to Dec. 1852, National Archives; J. H. C. Mudd to Millard Fillmore, March 2, 1851; J. H. C. Mudd to Truman Smith, Dec. 4, 1851, Millard Fillmore Papers, Buffalo Historical Society, Buffalo, N. Y. (hereinafter cited as Fillmore Papers).
26. San Francisco Pacific Daily News, Jan. 24, 1851; see also, ibid., Feb. 13, 14, 1851, and San Francisco Daily Herald, Feb. 6, 12, 19, 1851.
27. San Francisco Pacific Daily News, Feb. 18, 1851.
28. Ibid., Feb. 26, 27, March 1, 1851; California Legislative Journals (1851), pp. 1225-74, 1286-88.
29. San Francisco Daily Herald, July 31, 1851; see also, ibid., March 4, 11, May 27, 1851; J. H. C. Mudd to Millard Fillmore, March 2, 1851; J. H. C. Mudd to Truman Smith, Dec. 4, 1851, Fillmore Papers; P. P. Hull to Thomas Corwin, Dec. 15, 1851, Corwin Papers. Crane, the first Whig editor on the Pacific Coast, had been sent out by the National Committee; after the election his government printing contracts were withdrawn.
30. San Francisco Daily Herald, May 30, 1851; Daniel I. Lisle, A Circumstantial Statement (San Jose, 1851), passim. Lisle’s work is a brief contemporary account of the first organization of the Whigs. See also, William McKendree Gwin, “Memoirs of the History of the United States, Mexico, and California, 1850-1861” (MS), Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, p. 73.
31. San Francisco Daily Herald, May 27, 1851.
32. Ibid., May 26, 31 [misdated May 30], June 3, July 31, August 8, 1851; San Francisco Alta California, Aug. 1, 2, Dec. 20, 1851.
33. Ibid., August 27, 28, 1851; San Francisco Daily Herald, Aug. 27, 30, 1851.
34. T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, Sept. 15, 1851, King Papers.
35. John Wilson to Thomas Corwin, Sept. 30, 1851, Corwin Papers.
36. George B. Tingley to Thomas Corwin, July 14, 1852; see also, Resolutions of the Whig General Committee of San Francisco, May 15, 1852, Corwin Papers.
37. Files of the Solicitor of the Treasury, Judicial Records (U. S. v. King), National Archives, Washington, D. C. The history of this case is quite involved. In April 1855, the Solicitor of the Treasury instituted a civil suit against King, mainly to recover sums which had been exacted as penalties against importers and later distributed among the enforcing officers. No charges of corruption were involved, and the case was never finally decided, simply being marked “Closed” in 1878.
CHAPTER VIII
1. Memoranda of agreements, July 6, Oct. 14, 1852, undated, 1853; T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, Oct. 31, 1852, Aug. 8, 1853; T. B. King, Jr., to T. B. King, Jan. 30, 1853; T. B. King, Jr., to J. W. Allen, April 2, 1853; T. B. King to J. P. Scriven, Sept. 3, 1853, King Papers.
2. Prospectus of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Railway, 1853; T. B. King to–––––, draft, July 8, 1853; T. B. King to J. P. Scriven, Sept. 3, 21, 1853; T. B. King to Nelson Tift, Sept. 6, 1853; T. B. King to Sir Joshua Walmsley, Sept. 12, 1853, King Papers.
3. Charles Frederick Carter, When Railroads Were New (New York, 1909), pp. 227-28; George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860, p. 86; Robert Edgar Riegel, The Story of the Western Railroads (New York, 1926), pp. 11-12; Robert Spencer Cotterill, “Early Agitation for a Pacific Railroad, 1845-1850,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, V (1919), 396-414; Margaret Louise Brown, “Asa Whitney,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XX (1933), 209-24.
4. Lewis Henry Haney, A Congressional History of Railways in the United States, 1850-1887 (Madison, Wis., 1908), pp. 49-52; Allen Marshall Kline, “The Attitude of Congress toward the Pacific Railway, 1856-1862,” American Historical Association Annual Report, 1910, pp. 191-96.
5. Russel, Improvement of Communication, pp. 95-103; Cotterill, “Early Agitation for a Pacific Railroad, 1845-1850,” loc. cit., pp. 398-407; Kline, “The Attitude of Congress toward the Pacific Railway, 1856-1862,” loc. cit., pp. 189-96; John Bell Sanborn, “Railroad Land Grants,” Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters Transactions, XII (1898), 306-16; Edward Gross Campbell, “Railroads in the National Defense, 1829-1848,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXVII (1940), 361-78.
6. Senate Journal (1853), pp. 828-29, 1092; Assembly Journal (1853), pp. 1683-84; Andrew F. Muir, “The Thirty-Second Parallel Pacific Railroad in Texas to 1872,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, 1949, pp. 25-26, 29; Russel, Improvement of Communication, p. 98; Congressional Globe, 32nd Cong., 2nd Sess., pp. 315-16.
7. T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, Sept. 18, 27, Dec. 5, 1853; Henry King to T. B. King, Dec. 1, 1853, King Papers.
8. McKitrick, The Public Land System of Texas, 1823-1910, pp. 53-62; Louis J. Wortham, A History of Texas, from Wilderness to Commonwealth (Fort Worth, 1924), IV, 234; Edmund Thornton Miller, A Financial History of Texas (Austin, 1916), pp. 86-89, 110-11, 133; Aldon Socrates Lang, Financial History of the Public Lands in Texas (Waco, Texas, 1932), pp. 23, 104, 127-28, 132; Charles William Ramsdell, “Internal Improvements in Texas,” Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, IX (1917), No. 1, 101-02.
9. T. B. King, “Address Delivered in Austin, Texas, Dec. 24, 1853”; Anna M. King to H. L. P. King, Dec. 25, 1853, King Papers; Austin Texas State Times, Jan. 7, 1854; Muir, p. 39.
10. McKitrick, The Public Land System of Texas, 1823-1910, pp. 60-65; Alexander Deussen, “The Beginnings of the Texas Railroad System,” Texas Academy of Science Transactions, IX (1907), 42-74.
11. Extracts of the minutes of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company, Nov. 1853 (dated June 28, 1854); Memorandum, T. B. King to Levi S. Chatfield, Jan. 25, 1854; T. B. King to Robert J. Walker (Draft), April 24, 1854; T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, July 12, 1854; T. B. King, Jr., to T. B. King, Aug. 1, 1854; Contract between Governor Pease and Walker, King and their associates, Aug. 31, 1854, King Papers; Cornelius Glen Peebles, Exposé of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company (Extraordinary Developments) (New York, 1854), pp. 9-11 (hereinafter cited as Peebles, Expose); Circular to the Stockholders of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company (1855), passim; Muir, pp. 31-32, 40, 43-55.
12. Circular to the Stockholders of the Atlantic and Pacific Company (1855), passim; Charter of the Texas Western Railroad Company (1855), passim; Muir, pp. 62-64.
13. Andrew B. Gray, Texas Western Railroad. Survey of Route, Its Cost and Probable Revenue, in Connection with the Pacific Railway; Nature of Country, Climate, Mineral and Agricultural Resources, etc. (Cincinnati, 1855), pp. 3-101, (hereinafter cited as Gray, Survey of Route).
14. Circular to the Stockholders of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company (1855), pp. 8-16; Charter of the Texas Western Railroad Company (1855), pp. 3-11.
15. T. B. King, Jr., to T. B. King, Dec. 10, 1855; Samuel Jaudon to T. B. King, Dec. 19, 1855; D. W. Brown to S. Waggoner, Nov. 13, 1855; C. Bradley to T. B. King, Nov. 14, 1855; Leslie Comes to T. B. King, Nov. 16, 1855, King Papers; Charter of the Texas Western Railroad Company (1855), pp. 39-40; Circular to the Stockholders of the Texas Western Rail-Road Company, Issued by Authority of the Executive Committee, New York, June, 1856, pp. 27-28 (hereinafter cited as Circular, June, 1856).
16. Jeptha Fowlkes to Thomas Jefferson Green, March 7, July 22, 1855; W. R. D. Ward to Thomas Jefferson Green, Nov. 2, 1855, Thomas Jefferson Green Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (hereinafter cited as T. J. Green Papers); Samuel Jaudon to T. B. King, Dec. 19, 1855, King Papers; Muir, p. 79.
17. Gray, Survey of Route, passim; Charter of the Texas Western Railroad Company (1855), pp. 31-36; Circular, June, 1856, pp. 5-26.
18. Minutes of the Executive Committee of the Texas Western Railroad Company, excerpt, Nov. 12, 1855; T. B. King to H. L. P. King, Dec. 31, 1855, King Papers; Senate Journal (1855-1856), pp. 151-54, 250-56; House Journal (Adjourned Session, 1856), pp. 21-25; Charles Shirley Potts, Railroad Transportation in Texas (Austin, 1909), p. 98.
19. T. B. King to H. L. P. King, Feb. 18, 1856, King Papers. Drafts of laws and amendments in King’s handwriting are preserved in the King Papers.
20. T. B. King to H. L. P. King, May 5, 1856, King Papers. A committee of Texans examined the books of the company and issued a cautious endorsement of the management.
21. Wortham, A History of Texas, from Wilderness to Commonwealth IV, 234; John Henry Brown, History of Texas, from 1685 to 1892 (St. Louis, 1892-1893), II, 366-69; Deussen, “The Beginnings of the Texas Railroad System,” loc. cit., p. 51; McKitrick, The Public Land System of Texas, 1823-1910, p. 69; H. McLeod to T. J. Green, Oct. 23, 1854, T. J. Green Papers. McLeod explains Governor Pease’s opposition to the Texas Western on the grounds of state sectionalism.
22. Transcripts of the minutes of the Executive Committee of the Texas Western Railroad Company, Nov. 12, 1855, June 16, 1856; Muir, pp. 80-82.
23. Senate Journal (Adjourned Session, 1856), pp. 86-88, 99-105, 112-13, 206; House Journal (Adjourned Session, 1856) pp. 21-25, 416; T. B. King to H. L. P. King, August 10, 1856, King Papers.
24. Merger agreement between T. B. King and James W. Throckmorton and others, Aug. 23, 1856; T. G. Wright to T. B. King, Nov. 6, 1856, King Papers. The directors of the rival company rejected this particular agreement, but left the door open for a similar merger.
25. Transcript of the minutes of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, Oct. 1, 1856, Jan. 17, 22, 1857; T. B. King to H. L. P. King, Dec. 14, 1856, King Papers.
26. New Orleans Daily Picayune, March 3, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31; April 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 25, 1857.
27. T. B. King to Anna M. King, April 9, 1857, King Papers.
28. New Orleans Daily Picayune, April 11, 25, 1857, June 26, 1858.
29. Transcript of the minutes of the Executive Committee of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, Jan. 22, 1857; T. B. King to Mallery King, March 11, 1857; T. B. King to Anna M. King, April 29, 1857, King Papers; Muir, p. 92. The contract for laying the track and for grading forty-two additional miles was let to John T. Grant and Company of Atlanta, June 13, 1857.
30. T. B. King, Jr., to T. B. King, July 2, 1857, King Papers.
31. E. A. Blanch to George S. Yerger, Aug. 25, 1857; Agreement between Jeptha Fowlkes and the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, Sept. 10, 1857; C. A. Harper to T. B. King, Sept. 19, 1857; George C. Laurason to T. B. King, Sept. 26, 1857, inclosing resolutions of the board of directors, King Papers.
32. W. C. Laurason to T. B. King, Sept. 5, 1857, inclosing a report by Blanch; R. W. Loughery to T. B. King, Sept. 21, 1857; C. A. Harper to T. B. King, Sept. 19, 1857, King Papers.
33. E. A. Blanch to George S. Yerger, Aug. 25, 1857, King Papers.
34. Ibid.
35. R. W. Loughery to T. B. King, Sept. 21, 1857, King Papers.
36. W. C. Laurason to T. B. King, Sept. 5, 1857, King Papers.
37. R. W. Loughery to T. B. King, Sept. 21, 1857, King Papers.
38. Joseph Taylor to T. B. King, Dec. 9, 1857, King Papers.
39. R. W. Loughery to T. B. King, Nov. 22, 1857, King Papers.
40. Jeptha Fowlkes to T. B. King, Jan. 7, 1858, King Papers. The punctuation of the original is reproduced.
41. “Memorandum handed to Powell,” Feb. 8, 1858, King Papers.
42. Ibid.; Lord King, when writing of the activities of his father and himself in Austin, expatiated on the use of the sectional argument, calling it “the sheet anchor of our hopes.” H. L. P. King to T. B. King, Jr., Jan. 31, 1858, King Papers.
43. New Orleans Daily Picayune, June 16, 26, 1858; Muir, p. 98. Yerger admitted that he had drafted the bill for Wigfall.
44. Muir, pp. 97-100; Anna M. King to J. F. King, June 12, 30, July 4, 10, 1858, King Papers.
45. Jeptha Fowlkes to the Opponents of the S. P. Railroad of Texas, July 15, 1858; Jeptha Fowlkes to T. B. King, Aug. 7, 9, 16, 17, Sept. 9, 1858; D. P. Henderson to T. B. King, Sept. 24, Oct. 13, 1858; Thomas B. Lincoln to T. B. King, Oct. 9, 14, 20, 1858; Louisville Journal, Aug. 26, 1858, King Papers.
46. T. B. King to T. B. King, Jr., Dec. 15, 1858, King Papers.
47. After King left the active management of the Southern Pacific, in June 1858, the company went through a two-year period of reorganization and legal battles, essentially a struggle between Texans and outsiders for the control of the railroad. The details of the litigation indicate that neither side had very clean hands, and the State of Texas entered the contest as a third party with a suit to bring about forfeiture of the charter. In August 1860 the stockholders outside of Texas, led by Jeptha Fowlkes, secured control. See Muir, pp. 102-46.
CHAPTER IX
1. Except as otherwise noted, all statements in this chapter about the management of Retreat and the details of domestic life are drawn from the extensive correspondence among the various members of the King family for the years 1850-1860.
2. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Feb. 14, 1856, King Papers.
3. Seventh Census, Slave Inhabitants, Georgia, Vol. 3 (Glynn Co.), pp. 767-70; Eighth Census, Slave Inhabitants, Georgia, Vol. 3 (Glynn Co.), pp. 4, 8, Marshal’s returns, National Archives; list of slaves, 1859, King Papers.
4. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Feb. 14, 1856, King Papers.
5. T. B. King, Jr., to T. B. King, Feb. 28, 1858, King Papers.
6. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Dec. 15, 1853, King Papers.
7. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Aug. 28, 1854, King Papers.
8. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Sept. 22, 1856, King Papers. Since Retreat had been left in trust to Anna and her children, she and her husband kept separate accounts, but this seems to have been largely a legal fiction.
9. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Dec. 21, 1858, King Papers.
10. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Sept. 7, 1854, King Papers.
11. Anna M. King to T. B. King, March 8, 1857, King Papers. Among the fruits mentioned more than once in family letters were three varieties of figs, strawberries, melons, peaches, oranges, and tomatoes. There are single references to muskmelons, silverseeds melons, and blueberries.
12. The flocks furnished 640 chickens for the family table in less than four months in the summer of 1857. Anna M. King to H. L. P. King, Aug. 20, 1857, King Papers. Ducks and turkeys are mentioned in other letters.
13. T. B. King to Anna M. King, June 7, 1857, King Papers.
14. Anna M. King to H. L. P. King, Dec. 4, 1854, King Papers.
15. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Oct. 12, 1858, King Papers.
16. Anna M. King to T. B. King, Sept. 11, 1858, King Papers.
17. Photostat of Account Book of Anna M. King, in possession of the Sea Island Corporation, Sea Island, Ga.
18. Anna M. King to J. F. King, Aug. 3, 1858, King Papers.
19. Anna M. King to J. F. King, Oct. 6, 1858, King Papers.
20. Anna M. King to T. B. King, June 29, 1857, King Papers.
21. In 1853 Georgia was 20 years old, Florence 18, and Virginia 17. The eldest daughter, Hannah Page, had been the mistress of her own household since her marriage at 19 to William Audley Couper eight years earlier.
22. Anna M. King to T. B. King, June 5, 1856, King Papers.
23. T. B. King to J. F. King, Dec. 5, 1859, King Papers.
24. T. B. King to Mallery King, July 20, 1860, King Papers.
25. Georgia King to H. L. P. King, Oct. [n. d.], 1859, King Papers.
26. Anna M. King to T. B. King, May 21, 1855, King Papers.
27. T. B. King to H. L. P. King, Dec. 31, 1855, King Papers.
28. H. L. P. King to T. B. King, Jr., Jan. 31, 1858, King Papers.
29. T. B. King, Jr., to Anna M. King, April 1, 1851, King Papers.
CHAPTER X
1. Horace Montgomery, Cracker Parties (Baton Rouge, 1950), p. 235. Montgomery’s work, the most detailed study of Georgia politics from 1850 to 1860, served as the basis for the foregoing summary. Other books that are particularly helpful for background material on the period are Phillips, Georgia and State Rights; Percy Scott Flippin, Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia, State Rights Unionist (Richmond, 1931); and Herbert Fielder, A Sketch of the Life and Times and Speeches of Joseph E. Brown (Springfield, 1883).
2. Resolutions of a public meeting in Brunswick, Ga., Jan. 9, 1855, King Papers.
3. Savannah Republican, Sept. 21, Oct. 4, 1855; Albert Virgil House, Planter Management and Capitalism in Ante-Bellum Georgia (New York, 1954), pp. 122-23.
4. Anna M. King to H. L. P. King, Sept. 24, 1855, King Papers.
5. Greensborough (N. C.) Patriot, July 4, 1856. The Patriot noted the obvious relationship of King, Walker, the railroad, and national politics.
6. T. B. King to Anna M. King, March 10, 1859, King Papers.
7. H. L. P. King to Georgia King, April 16, 1859, King Papers.
8. Thomas Butler King, Address to the People of the First Congressional District, May, 1859; T. B. King to the editors of the Wire Grass Reporter, April 28, 1859, King Papers.
9. Anna M. King to J. F. King, May 30, 1859; H. L. P. King to Anna M. King, June 12, 1859, King Papers.
10. Savannah Republican, July 14, 1859.
11. Savannah Republican, June 3, 14, July 14, 15, 20, 1859.
12. T. B. King to the Public (untitled broadside), July 27, 1859, King Papers.
13. T. B. King to Anna M. King, Feb. 4, 6, April 7, July 9, 1859; Anna M. King to T. B. King, March 20, 1859; Anna M. King to John Floyd King, April 5, May 10, 30, 1859, King Papers.
14. Georgia King to R. C. King, March 26, 1860, King Papers.
15. Georgia King to J. F. King, Nov. 11, 1860; Georgia King to R. C. King, Nov. 13, 1860, King Papers.
16. Georgia King to H. L. P. King, July 12, Aug. 2, 1860, King Papers.
17. Georgia King to J. F. King, Feb. 16, 1860, King Papers, The Glynn County (Ga.) Court of Ordinary, Wills and Appraisements, Book G, pp. 48-50, lists the value of the estate at $115,000.
18. Georgia King to J. F. Ring, Feb. 16, May 14, 1860; Georgia King to H. L. P. Ring, Aug. 2, 1860; undated fragment [1859-1860], King Papers.
19. Savannah Republican, Oct. 6, 1859. King won by a majority of forty.
20. Florence King to J. F. King, Nov. 11, 1859; Georgia King to J. F. King, Nov. 13, 1859; Georgia King to R. C. King, Nov. 17, 1859, King Papers; Savannah Republican, Oct. 19, Nov. 12, 1859.
21. Senate Journal (1859), pp. 28-32; draft of a railroad bill, King Papers.
22. Senate Journal (1859), pp. 173, 183-84; Savannah Republican, Nov. 23, 24, 26, 1859.
23. Senate Journal (1859), pp. 256, 261-62; Savannah Republican, Dec. 2, 9, 1859.
24. T. B. King to H. L. P. King, Dec. 16, 1859, King Papers.
25. Herbert Wender, “The Southern Commercial Convention at Savannah, 1856,” Georgia Historical Quarterly, XV (1931), 173-91; Laura A. White, “The South in the 50’s,” Journal of Southern History, I (1935), 29-48.
26. Savannah Republican, Dec. 10, 1859; Montgomery, Cracker Parties, p. 237.
27. Montgomery, Cracker Parties, pp. 237-38.
28. T. B King to H. L. P. King, Dec. 16, 1859; King Papers; Henry G. Wheeler to T. B. King, Jan, 2, 1861; James R. Butts to T. B. King, March 27, 1861, undated memorandum [1861?], papers of T B. King, Case of the Calhoun, Judicial Records, Admiralty, 1862, National Archives; Phillips, A History of Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt to 1860, pp. 291, 359.
29. New Policy of the Southern Pacific Railroad Co., [April 12, 1859], King Papers. The stock exchange was a complicated one. Holders of Atlantic and Pacific stock were given sixty days in which to exchange their stock according to former arrangements, receiving the newest issue at one for two. Holders of Southern Pacific stock were to receive one for two, unless they had failed (a) to subscribe fifty cents a share, or (b) to exchange stock at one for two under a previous reorganization; these holders were to receive stock on a one for three basis. See D. C. Wilder, Secretary-Treasurer, to Stockholders of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, May 1, 1859; circular letter to stockholders of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, May 30, 1859, King Papers; Russel, Improvement of Communication, p. 270; Muir, pp. 140-42.
30. H. L. P. King to T. B. King, Feb. 19, 1860, King Papers.
31. T. B. King to J. F. King, May 1, 1860, King Papers. See also Congressional Globe, 36th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 2445-48; Russel, Improvement of Communication, pp. 283-85.
32. Horace Smith Fulkerson, Random Recollections of Early Days in Mississippi, p. 113. Fulkerson was the New Orleans agent for the Southern Pacific Railroad.
33. T. B. King to J. F. King, May 1, 1860, King Papers.
34. Russel, Improvement of Communication, p. 286. The platforms of Lincoln, Douglas, and Breeckinridge all favored some kind of aid to a Pacific railroad.
35. T. B. King to Robert Collins, May 11, 1860, King Papers.
36. Georgia King to R. C. King, May 11, 1860, King Papers.
37. Address to the citizens of Rhode Island, King Papers. Only an incomplete draft of this speech is to be found.
38. T. B. King to Mallery King, July 20, 1860; T. B. King to Georgia King, July 23, 1860; Diary of H. L. P. Ring, May-Nov., 1860, King Papers.
39. Georgia King to J. F. Ring, Nov. 11, 1860, King Papers.
40. Fielder, A Sketch of the Life and Times and Speeches of Joseph E. Brown, p. 166; Coulter, A Short History of Georgia, p. 297; T. Conn Bryan, “The Secession of Georgia,” Georgia Historical Quarterly, XXXI (1947), 89-111; Louise Biles Hill, Joseph E. Brown and the Confederacy, pp. 36-47.
41. Senate Journal (1860), pp. 53, 97-98; Georgia King to J. F. Ring, Nov. 11, 1860; Georgia King to R. C. Ring, Nov. 13, 1860, King Papers.
42. T. B. King to H. L. P. Ring, Jan. 5, 1861; H. L. P. King to T. B. King, Jan. 16, 1861, King Papers. For King’s commission, see The Confederate Records of the State of Georgia, II, pp. 21-24.
43. Georgia King to H. L. P. King, March 16, 1861, King Papers.
CHAPTER XI
1. T. B. King to Mallery King, March 5, 1861, King Papers.
2. The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America … (Richmond, 1864), p. 44.
3. T. B. King to H. L. P. King, Jan. 5, 1861; H. L. P. King to T. B. King, Jan 16, 1861; T. B. King to Mallery King, March 5, 1861, King Papers; Henry G. Wheeler to T. B. King, Jan. 2, 1861; James R. Butts to T. B. King, March 27, 1861; Bellot des Minieres to T. B. King, April 16, 1861; undated memorandum [1861], papers of T. B. King, Case of the Calhoun, Judicial Records, Admiralty, 1862, National Archives.
4. The Confederate Records of the State of Georgia, II, 23.
5. T. B. King to H. L. P. King, March 25, 1861, King Papers.
6. Muir, pp. 148-50; Wayland Fuller Dunaway, History of the James River and Kanawha Company (New York, 1948), pp. 195-202; Bellot des Minieres to T. B. King, April 16, 1861, papers of T. B. King, Case of the Calhoun, Judicial Records, Admiralty, 1862, National Archives.
7. Papers Relative to the Mission of the Hon. T. Butler King, to Europe (Milledgeville, Ga., 1863), p. 5. This pamphlet contained King’s report to Governor Brown and the report on the mission by a legislative committee.
8. Hotel bills and correspondence indicate that King resided first at the Hotel du Louvre, then at the Hotel Montaigne, and finally at a furnished apartment, 29 Rue de Ponthieu. He arrived in Paris March 27 and left on his return journey October 30. He interrupted this seven-month stay by trips to Brussels (April 16-27) and to London (toward the end of August). One note suggests that he may also have made a brief visit to London in June. He left Southampton for Havana on December 2, 1861. Papers of T. B. King, Case of the Calhoun, Judicial Records, Admiralty, 1862, National Archives.
9. Papers Relative to the Mission of the Hon. T. Butler King, to Europe, p. 6; Georgia King Smith to H. L. P. King, July 21, 1861, King Papers. How King obtained access to Napoleon III remains obscure. One of his correspondents referred to the cooperation of Michel Chevalier, whose calling card is among King’s papers. Chevalier was a senator, a leading free trade advocate, and the architect of current French commercial policy. John Slidell later made use of him to plant documents where they would come to the Emperor’s notice. Papers of T. B. King, Case of the Calhoun, Judicial Records, Admiralty, 1862, National Archives; Arthur Louis Dunham, “Chevalier’s Plan of 1859: The Basis of the New Commercial Policy of Napoleon III,” American Historical Review, XXX (1924), 72-76; Henry Beckles Willson, John Slidell and the Confederates in Paris (1862-1865) (New York, 1932), p. 110.
10. Papers Relative to the Mission of the Hon. T. Butler King, to Europe, p. 14.
11. Le Moniteur Universel, June 20, July 17, 1861.
12. Frank Lawrence Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy; Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America (Rev. ed., Chicago, 1959), p. 56.
13. Undated drafts of letters to Davis, Stephens, and Toombs, by Georgia King Smith, King Papers.
14. Papers Relative to the Mission of the Hon. T. Butler King, to Europe, p. 16.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., p. 16.
17. Ibid., p. 8.
18. Ibid. King copied or paraphrased about one fourth of his letter from Thomas Prentice Kettell’s Southern Wealth and Northern Profits … (New York, 1860).
19. Papers Relative to the Mission of the Hon. T. Butler King, to Europe, p. 13.
20. T. B. King, “The American Blockade” (draft), King Papers. Internal evidence indicates that this article was composed in Oct. 1861.
21. Ibid.
22. W. L. Yancey, P. A. Rost, and A. D. Mann to Secretary of State Robert Toombs, June 1, 1861, Confederate States of America, State Department Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; Paul Pecquet du Bellet, “The Diplomacy of the Confederate Cabinet of Richmond and its Agents Abroad; Being Memorandum Notes Taken in Paris During the Rebellion of the Southern States from 1861 to 1865,” pp. 14-16, Confederate States of America, Miscellany, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
23. J. L. O’Sullivan to T. B, King, Aug. 25, 1861; F. S. Claxton to T. B. King, Sept. 1, 9, 1861, as printed in the Washington National Intelligencer, April 25, 1862. The Intelligencer devoted nearly four columns to the printing of some of King’s correspondence which was captured.
24. Frederick Arthur Wellesley, Secrets of the Second Empire. Private Letters from the Paris Embassy; Selections from the Papers of Henry Richard Charles Wellesley, First Earl Cowley. Ambassador at Paris 1852-1867 (New York and London, 1929), p. 220; Warren Reed West, Contemporary French Opinion of the American Civil War (Baltimore, 1924), pp. 26, 28, 30; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy …, pp. 179-201.
25. Thomas Le Grand Harris, The Trent Affair, Including a Review of English and American Relations at the Beginning of the Civil War (Indianapolis, 1896), pp. 75-76, singles out King’s letter to the Comte de Morny as a particularly effective propaganda article.
26. Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Oct. 25, 1861, as printed in Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861-1865 (Boston, 1920), I, 61.
27. Margaret Antoinette Clapp, Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow (Boston, 1947), pp. 150-51; Thurlow Weed, Autobiography of Thurlow Weed, pp. 634-41; Bancroft, The Life of William H. Seward, II, 220-21; John Herbert Kiger, “Federal Governmental Propaganda in Great Britain during the American Civil War,” The Historical Outlook, XIX (1928), 204-09.
28. Meredith Calhoun to T. B. King, June 28, 1861; Robert Mitchell to T. B. King, July 31, 1861, as printed in the Washington National Intelligencer, April 25, 1862; Dubuisson et Cie. to T. B. King, June 18, 1861; undated bill of Robert Mitchell; C. Haussoullier to [King?], July 31, 1861; Bills from Hotel Montaigne to T. B. King, Aug. 5, 1861, and Leroy et Cie., Sept. 30, 1861, papers of T. B. King, Case of the Calhoun, Judicial Records, Admiralty, 1862, National Archives; The Confederate Records of the State of Georgia, II, 322-23.
29. Papers Relative to the Mission of the Hon. T. Butler King, to Europe, p. 6. The Confederate Records of the State of Georgia, II, 116, 323, 325.
30. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Ser. I, Vol. XVII, pp. 72-75; statements of Joseph W. Tuck and John A. Rogers, March 11, 1862, Case of the Calhoun, Judicial Records, Admiralty, 1862, National Archives; Savannah Republican, Jan. 27, 29, Feb. 4, 8, 1862; New York Times, Feb. 28, 1862. “Jaque,” the Times correspondent, allegedly took part in the capture.
31. T. B. King to R. C. King, March 14, 1862, King Papers.
32. J. P. Benjamin to John Slidell, April 12, 1862, Confederate States of America, State Department Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
33. J. P. Benjamin to Edwin de Leon, April 14, 1862, Confederate States of America, State Department Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; Edwin de Leon to T. B. King, undated, papers of T. B. King, Case of the Calhoun, Judicial Records, Admiralty, 1862, National Archives.
34. S. W. Lawrence to Florence King, May 2, 1862; Georgia King Smith to Florence King, June 22, 1862, King Papers.
CHAPTER XII
1. H. L. P. King to T. B. King, Jan. 16, 1861, King Papers.
2. Georgia King to H. L. P. King, April 19, 1861, King Papers.
3. Georgia King to T. B. King, May 30, 1861, Case of the Calhoun, Judicial Records, Admiralty, 1862, National Archives.
4. Georgia King Smith to T. B. King, Feb. 10, 24, 1862; Georgia King Smith to Florence King, June 22, 1862; T. B. King to Florence King, April 5, 1862; S. W. Lawrence to Florence King, May 2, 1862, King Papers.
5. Mallery King to T. B. King, March 16, 1862, King Papers.
6. H. L. P. King to T. B. King, April 3, 1862, King Papers.
7. Hannah King Couper to T. B. King, April 8, 1862,, King Papers.
8. Ibid.
9. Mallery King to T. B. King, July 1, 1862; Georgia King Smith to T. B. King, June 28, 1863; Georgia King Smith to J. F. King, Aug. 25, 1863, King Papers.
10. Georgia King Smith to J. F. King, Aug. 25, 1863, King Papers.
11. Ibid.; for the experience of other planters in the area, see [Richard W. Corbin], “Letters of a Confederate Officer to his Family in Europe during the Last Year of the War of Secession,” The Magazine of History With Notes and Queries, Extra No. 24 (1913), pp. 90-96.
12. The Confederate Records of the State of Georgia, II, 327; for further progress of this matter through official channels, see ibid., II, 322-28, House Journal (1862), 97, 113, 142-44; Senate Journal (1862), p. 189.
13. A. E. Cochran to T. B,. King, Dec. 18, 1862, King Papers.
14. Savannah Morning News, Dec. 16, 25, 1862; Official Records, Series I, Vol. 21, p. 582; Charles Edgeworth Jones, Georgia in the War, 1861-1865 (Atlanta, 1909), p. 94. Saint Simons Island had been evacuated by the planters in the face of the enemy blockade, but had not yet been taken over by Federal forces.
15. Floyd King to Mallery King, Jan. 19, 1862 [1863], King Papers.
16. Arthur James Lyon Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States: April-June, 1863 (New York, 1864), pp. 216-17.
17. Mary Newton Stanard, Richmond, Its People and Its Story (Philadelphia, 1923), p. 187.
18. George King Smith to T. B. King, June 28, 1863, King Papers.
19. Savannah Republican, June 25, 26, 1863.
20. Savannah Republican, June 26, 30, July 6, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 1863.
21. Address to the People of the First Congressional District of Georgia (no facts of publication). Internally, this broadside carries the date of July 23, 1863, and, according to his daughter, it was written by King to give more respectability to a weak convention. Georgia King Smith to J. F. King, Aug. 13, 1863, King Papers.
22. Savannah Republican, Aug. 10, Sept. 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 24, 29, Oct. 1, 1863.
23. Florence King to Floyd King, Aug. 18, 1863; Georgia King Smith to Floyd King, Aug. 25, 1863; Georgia King Smith to T. B. King, Sept. 30, 1863, King Papers. This campaign produced a curious sequel some six months later in the Northern states. A letter purporting to be from King and advocating peace and a reconstruction of the Union appeared in newspapers as far apart as New York and Louisville. Although later exposed, this hoax served as ammunition for the peace advocates in the North, who used it to snipe at the Lincoln administration. See the Louisville Journal, Jan. 9, 1864, and the New York Tribune, Feb. 19, 1864. For the Tribune reference, the writer is indebted to Mr. J. E. Missemer, San Diego, California, who is engaged in an attempt to unravel this complex deception, as well as a number of other Civil War forgeries.
24. Savannah Republican, Oct. 12, 14, 20, 28, 31, 1863; Savannah Morning News, October 28, 1863. For an explanation of Hartridge’s majority, the writer is inclined to look to the legislature of 1859-1860. At that time, King proposed a bill for state aid to railroad companies, and the supporters of the bill attacked the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Savannah as a “monopoly,” “a soulless corporation,” and “a bloody juggernaut.” In the House, Julian Hartridge led the apologists of this powerful Savannah enterprise, and King bore the brunt of the Savannah-led counterattack. The Republican, August 10, 1863, stated obliquely that much of King’s opposition in 1863 came from Savannah residents who thought him to be opposed to the interests of the city.
25. Savannah Republican, Jan. 18, 1864.
26. Flippin, Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia, State Rights Unionist, pp. 230 ff.
27. Savannah Republican, Nov. 4, 1863; see also ibid., Nov. 16, 1863, quoting the sketches of the candidates as seen by the Knoxville Register; Senate Journal (1863), pp. 42, 109-11.
28. Floyd King to Georgia King Smith, March 22, April 29, 1864; Cuyler King to Georgia King Smith, March 23, May 1, 1864; Mallery King to Georgia King Smith, May 21, 1864; Georgia King Smith to [Floyd King?], April 19, 1864; Georgia King Smith to Floyd King, June 7, 1864, King Papers.
29. J. L. Locke to Virginia King, May 17, 1864, King Papers.