Notes

Numbers in brackets at the top of the following pages indicate the pages in the text to which these notes refer.

CHAPTER 1

1. Charles C. Jones, Jr., The History of Georgia (2 vols. Boston, 1883), II, 127; “Letters from Sir James Wright,” in Collections of the Georgia Historical Society (12 vols. Savannah, 1840-), III (1873), 160. Governor Wright stated the acreage to be 2, 116, 298.

2. William Bartram, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws . . . (Dublin, Ireland, 1793), 322. For Wright’s Proclamation, see Jones, History of Georgia, II, 130-31. An original handbill is in the De Renne Collection in the General Library of the University of Georgia. Adding to Wright’s description of the New Purchase, Bartram said that it was “a body of excellent and fertile land, well watered by innumerable rivers, creeks and brooks.” Travels, 322.

3. Alex M. Hitz, “The Earliest Settlements in Wilkes County,” in Georgia Historical Quarterly (49 vols. Savannah, 1917-), XL (1956), 269-70; Jones, History of Georgia, II, 131-32; Grace Gillam Davidson, comp., Early Records of Georgia, Wilkes County (2 vols. Macon, 1932), I, 4-5.

4. Robert L. Meriwether, The Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765 (Kingsport, Tenn., 1940), 116, 246-47; Bartram, Travels, 322.

5. Bartram, Travels, 321-22.

6. Hitz, “Earliest Settlements in Wilkes County,” 262, 274-80; Louise Frederick Hays, Hero of Hornet’s Nest. A Biography of Elijah Clark [e], 1733-1799 (New York, 1946), 12-14; Elbert County Deed Record G, 124 (Elberton, Ga.). There had been hesitation by some of the Indians at the Augusta Treaty Conference in giving up their lands; and they left with some feeling of bitterness. Before the end of the year Indian hostilities began against the settlers, in which murdering and pillaging took place. After about a year of scattered hostilities, a conference was held in Savannah and a peace agreement was signed on October 20, 1774. Jones, History of Georgia, II, 132-35. Dart River was a name that never came into common use, hardly getting off the official papers on which it was written. Even the surveyors appointed by Sir James Wright to run the boundary lines on the New Purchase never used the name on their official map—they used Broad River. This latter name was given to the stream by the early settlers as a compliment in view of the smaller stream to the southward which was called Little River. An early undated map “par les Freres Lotter à Ausburg” listed the Broad as “Cherakeehaw.” On a map published in 1794 in London by Laurie & Whittle, entitled “A New and General Map of the Southern Dominions belonging to the United States of America…,” the river is called “Salwegee or Broad River.” For a full description of this map, see Catalogue of the Wymberley Jones De Renne Georgia Library … (3 vols. Wormsloe [Savannah], 1931), III, 1225.

7. George R. Gilmer, Sketches of Some of the First Settlers of Upper Georgia, of the Cherokees, and of the Author (New York, 1855), 237-38; George White, Statistics of the State of Georgia: Including an Account of its Natural, Civil, and Ecclesiastical History, Together with a Particular Description of Each County . . . (Savannah, 1849), 234; Hitz “Earliest Settlements in Wilkes County,” 276; Eliza A. Bowen, The Story of Wilkes County, Georgia (reprint. Marietta, Ga., 1950), 3-4; Davidson, comp., Early Records of Georgia, I, 15; John H. McIntosh, The Official History of Elbert County, 1790-1935 (Elberton, Ga., 1940), 12.

CHAPTER II

1. The governors of Georgia were, George Mathews, George R. Gilmer, Matthew Talbot, and Wilson Lumpkin. The two governors of Alabama were William W. Bibb and Thomas Bibb. The counties named for residents of Broad River Valley (Virginians and others) were Clarke, Cobb, Crawford, Dooly, Gilmer, Hart, Heard, Lamar, Lumpkin, Meriwether, Talbot, Taliaferro, Toombs, Upson, and Walker.

2. Gilmer, Georgians, 175, 176.

3. Ibid., 175. A Georgian writing in 1855 said, “We have met the Broad River people in scattered groups, talked with them, and shared their hospitality, without knowing the distinction which attached to their original locality.” Southern Recorder, July 3, 1855, quoted in Stephen F. Miller, The Bench and Bar of Georgia: Memoirs and Sketches . . . (2 vols. Philadelphia, 1858), II, 439.

4. Gilmer, Georgians, 228.

5. Ibid., 6.

6. Ibid., 9-13.

7. Ibid., 14, 17, 232. Oglethorpe County Deed Book, B, 341-42; G, 224-25; I, 13-14, 15, 201-204, 345-46; Oglethorpe County Tax Digest, 1800-1805, pp. 13, 30. These county records are in the Office of the Clerk of Court, in Lexington. For Thomas Meriwether Gilmer’s will, see Oglethorpe County Will Book, B, 138-40, in the Office of the Ordinary.

8. Oglethorpe County Annual Returns on Estates, 1815-1830, pp. 285-87. This record is in the Office of the Ordinary. Gilmer owned a “lot of land at the Chalebate Springs in Madison County.”

9. Miller, Bench and Bar of Georgia, II, 439.

10. Gilmer, Georgian, 29.

11. Letters from Mrs. Grace Lewis Miller to the present writer, St. Louis, August 4, 19, 1958; Charlottesville, Va., April 15, 1960. Mrs. Miller has spent many years gathering information on Lewis for a biography of him. See also Gilmer, Georgians, 104-105.

12. Georgia Express (Athens), January 14 (1, 1), 1809; Oglethorpe Echo (Lexington, Ga.), January 15 (1, 2), 1909; White, Statistics of Georgia, 456-60; James Edmonds Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama. With Notes and Genealogies, by his Granddaughter, Elizabeth Saunders Blair Stubbs (New Orleans, 1899), 216; Gilmer, Georgians, 82-88, 115-23.

13. Gilmer, Georgians, 89.

14. Ibid., 95.

15. Ibid., 88-107, passim.

16. Ibid., 91-92; Biographical Director of the American Congress, 1774-1927 (Washington, 1928), 1306.

17. Gilmer, Georgians, 139-56

18. Ibid., 161.

19. Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 513; Adiel Sherwood, A Gazetteer of the State of Georgia (2nd edition, Philadelphia, 1829), 227; Gilmer, Georgians, 156-63; Augusta Chronicle, November 14 (3, 1), 1807.

20. Gilmer, Georgians, 115-23, 482.

21. Ibid., 130-39; Biographical Director of the American Congress, 672.

22. Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 448-54, 519-20; Gilmer, Georgians, 163-73. In 1800 Micajah McGehee gave in for taxes 3,165 acres on Broad River and Long Creek, and 28 slaves. Oglethorpe County Tax Digest, 1800-1805.

23. For instance (out of many which could be cited) there was Ralph Banks who with his family of a wife and thirteen children moved from North Carolina to the Broad River Valley. Intermarrying with some of the Petersburg families, several of these children moved on into Alabama. Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 446. Many of these settlers were, of course, veterans of the Revolution. Edward Lloyd Wailes died there in 1809. “He served as an officer [in] three or four campaigns in our revolutionary war.” Georgia Express, February 11 (3, 4), 1809.

24. Ferdinand Phinizy Calhoun, The Phinizy Family in America (Atlanta, 1925?), 43.

25. George W. Paschal, Ninety-Four Years. Agnes Paschal (Washington, 1871), 15, 32 ff. In 1805 George Paschal owned in Lexington a lot given in for taxes at $400 and merchandise at $1,000. The next year his stock in trade was valued at $600. Oglethorpe County Tax Digest, 1800-1805, p. 1; ibid., 1806-1811, p. 2. See also E. Merton Coulter, Auraria: The Story of a Georgia Gold-Mining Town (Athens, 1956), 130-31, n. 10; Weekly Atlanta Intelligencer, September 15 (1 6), 1869.

26. For further information on Meson, see E. Merton Coulter, “Francis Meson, An Early Georgia Merchant and Philanthropist,” in Georgia Historical Quarterly, XLII (1958), 27-43. At the time of his death, Meson owned 232 acres, six town lots in Lexington (valued at $5,000), merchandise listed at $7,000, and various personal effects. Oglethorpe County Tax Digest, 1811-1816, p. 4.

27. Bowen, Wilkes County, 56; Lucian Lamar Knight, Georgia’s Landmarks, Memorials and Legends (2 vols. Atlanta, 1913, 1914), I, 540; White, Historical Collections, 447.

CHAPTER III

1. Oglethorpe County Inventories and Appraisements, Books, A, G, L, passim (all in the Office of the Ordinary, Lexington) ; George G. Smith, The Life and Letters of James Osgood Andrew . . . (Nashville, Tenn., 1883), 23.

2. Oglethorpe County Inventories and Appraisements, Books, A. G. passim; Oglethorpe County Inventories and Annual Returns on Estates, 1811-1826, 1815-1831, passim; Oglethorpe County Annual Returns on Estates, 1798-1814, passim (all in the Office of the Ordinary, Lexington) ; Gilmer, Georgians, 121.

3. Oglethorpe County Annual Returns on Estates, 1815-1830, pp. 238-39; Oglethorpe County Will Book, A, 105-106 (all in Office of the Ordinary, Lexington, Ga.).

4. Oglethorpe County Tax Digest, 1800-1805, p. 46 (In Office of Clerk of Court).

5. Oglethorpe County Will Book, A, 105-106. As an indication of the patriarchal nature of slavery, when George R. Gilmer returned to his father’s home with his Virginia bride the slaves went wild with joy, shouting “Massa George is married and come home.” They then grabbed the bride and carried her into the house. Gilmer, Georgians, 291. Bishop Francis Asbury on a trip through Oglethorpe County in 1803 visited James Marks and noted in his journal that “he is a kind master to his slaves, and hints the probability of liberating them by will; but he may change his mind before he dies.” Elmer T. Clark, J. Manning Potts, and Jacob S. Payton, eds., The Journal and Letters of Francis Asbury (3 vols. London and Nashville, 1958), II, 416.

6. Oglethorpe County Will Book, A, 61-62.

7. Ibid., C, 42; Gilmer, Georgians 146.

8. “1850 Census Population Schedules, Georgia, Microcopy, T-6, Roll, 71, Macon through Pike,” 95; ibid., Roll, 63, p. 274; ibid., 1860, T-7, Roll, 33, pp. 79-80. For the tradition, see Oglethorpe Echo, November 15 (3, 3), 1878; August 28 (1, 3), 1908; August 21 (8, 2), 1925. Of course he might have sent some of his slaves to Africa before 1850. Census records before that time were unavailable.

9. Oglethorpe County Inventories and Appraisements, Book, H, 57; I, 57, 125, 170.

10. Gilmer, Georgians, 166.

11. Ibid., 111.

12. Augusta Weekly Constitutionalist, July 16 (7, 6), 1856.

13. Gilmer, Georgians, 85-86. As late as the 1950’s part of the old log residence was still standing.

14. Ibid., 116, 160-61, 165; Lodowick Johnson Hill, Sr., The Hills of Wilkes County, Georgia and Allied Families (Atlanta, 1922?), 57: Smith, Andrew, 23; Oglethorpe Echo, May 26 (8, 3), 1899.

15. Oglethorpe Echo, May 26 (8, 3), 1899.

16. Jedidiah Morse, The American Geography or, A View of the Present Situation of the United States of America (Elizabethtown, 1789), 451; Gilmer, Georgians, 83-84, 165.

17. Oglethorpe County Inventories and Appraisements, Book G, H, I, passim; Inventories Annual Returns on Estates, 1815-1831, passim.

18. Bowen, Wilkes County, 47; Oglethorpe Echo, May 26 (1, 4), 1899. For some school expenses charged to an estate, see Oglethorpe County Inventory Book, H, 17, 18.

19. George White, Historical Collections of Georgia: Containing the Most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes, Etc. . . . (New York, 1854), 581; Smith, Andrew, 26; Gilmer, Georgians, 91, 92, 170-171, 232-34.

20. Gilmer, Georgians, 152-56; Smith, Andrew, passim.

21. Gilmer, Georgians, 142, 146.

22. Oglethorpe Echo, September 18 (1, 4), 1896; ibid., May 30 (5, 2), 1913; Oglethorpe County Inventory, C, 47-48.

23. Gilmer, Georgians, 85-86. In drumming up a crowd for a political speaking, such an invitation as this might be heard: “O yes! O yes! all you who want to hear a speech, come here.” Ibid., 259-60.

24. Ibid., 146.

25. Elbert County Superior Court Records (fragment), October term, 1805 (in the Office of Clerk of Court, Elberton, Ga.).

26. Elbert County Minutes of Inferior Court, May, 1791 to May, 1801, p. 124 (in the Office of Clerk of Court).

27. See Oglethorpe County Minutes of Superior Court, A (1794-1799), passim.

CHAPTER IV

1. Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 419; Grace Gillam Davidson, “Dionysius Oliver, Georgia’s Pioneer Realtor,” in Atlanta Journal, October 2 (8, 4-5), 1934; McIntosh, Elbert County, 36, 516. Oliver was buried in the Stenchcomb Churchyard, near Elberton. His tombstone has this inscription: “Dionysius Oliver, Capt. of a Privateer. Rev. War.”

2. Allen D. Candler, comp., The Revolutionary Records of the State of Georgia (3 vols. Atlanta, 1908), II, 140; Bowen, Wilkes County, 23; Historical Collections of the Joseph Habersham Chapter, Daughters American Revolution (5 vols. Places vary, 1902-1929), I (1902), 61.

3. Candler, comp., Revolutionary Records of Georgia, II, 667, 672, 674, 714; Grace Gillam Davidson, comp., Historical Collections of the Georgia Chapters Daughters of the American Revolution. Volume III. Records of Elbert County, Georgia (Atlanta, 1930), 210.

4. Hitz, “Earliest Settlements in Wilkes County,” 277.

5. Candler, comp., Revolutionary Records of Georgia, II, 701.

6. Robert & George Watkins, comps., A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia. From its First Establishment as a British Province down to the Year 1798, Inclusive, and the Principal Acts of 1799: . . . (Philadelphia, 1800), 325-26. The date of the law is given here as February 3. A separate contemporary publication of this law gives the date February 8. An original of the separate law may be found in the De Renne Collection in the University of Georgia Library.

7. Included in many of the deed records is this expression: “plan laid of [off] by Dionysius Oliver . . . and exhibited to the first purchasers.” For example see Elbert County Deed Record, D, 73-74. A plan ordered to be drawn in 1804 and to be deposited in the Elbert County Courthouse with the Clerk of Court has been lost; but the original Oliver plan has been preserved and is now in the Dionysius Oliver Manuscripts, in the University of Georgia Library, with this legend: “A Plan of the Town of Petersburg in the fork of Savannah and Brd. Rivers.” It bears the date, April 27, 1786.

8. Wilkes County Deed Record, DD, 85.

9. Elbert County Deed Record, L, 101.

10. Watkins, comp., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, p. 658.

11. Georgia & Carolina Gazette (Petersburg), August 15 (3, 4), 1805. This firm was known as Jones, Walton & Company, and was made up of these men: William Jones, Thomas Walton, Jr., John H. Walton, and Henry Jones. Thomas Walton, without any indication as to junior or senior, died in 1806, in Lincoln County, and a sale of his effects was held, including 100 barrels of corn, 1,000 pounds of bacon, “a quantity of spirits consisting of rum, brandy and whiskey, all of the best quality,” and many other items “too tedious to mention.” Ibid., June 5 (4, 3), 1806. The other Thomas Walton died in 1809 in Lisbon. Mirror of the Times (August), March 6 (3, 3), 1809.

12. Adiel Sherwood, A Gazetteer of the State of Georgia (Charleston, 1827), 69, 87.

13. John Drayton, A View of South-Carolina, as Respects her Natural and Civil Concerns (Charleston, 1802), 213.

14. Robert Mills, Statistics of South Carolina, Including a View of its Natural, Civil and Military History, General and Political (Charleston, 1829), 349, 350; Sherwood, Gazetteer of Georgia (1827 edition), 87; Oglethorpe Echo, September 14 (1, 5), 1888.

15. Elbert County Deed Record, A, 2; B, 2; K, 9; L, 31; Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 422.

16. Augusta Chronicle, August 6 (1, 2), 1796; January 27 (4, 3), 1819; Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 430; Francis Butler Simkins, Pitchfork Ben Tillman, South Carolinian (Baton Rouge, 1944), 24-25.

17. For instance, Elbert County Deed Record, H, 26. Thomas Evans, a free man of color, bought and sold a few lots. In 1803 he sold Lot 20 to Philip King of the Abbeville District in South Carolina. Ibid., H, 169.

18. Wilkes County Deed Record, GG, 74-75.

19. Elbert County Deed Record, G, 66, 67; H, 17; K, 39, 108; McIntosh, Elbert County, 39-40; Augusta Chronicle, April 21 (3, 1), 1804; Pope was a member of the Elbert County Land Court in 1801. Davidson, comp., Historical Collections, III, 226.

20. S. G. McLendon, History of the Public Domain of Georgia (Atlanta, 1924), 46.

21. Wilkes County Deed Record, CC, 14; Elbert County Deed Record, F, 49.

22. Elbert County Deed Record, D, 73-74.

23. Ibid., L, 42.

24. Ibid., O, 84.

25. Ibid., H, 2.

26. “Letters 1798-1819,” in John Williams Walker Papers in Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery.

27. Ibid.

28. Elbert County Deed Record, L, 70.

29. Ibid., M, 69.

30. Ibid., N, 33.

31. Ibid., W, 40.

32. Archibald Stokes, Petersburg, Ga., February 27, 1825 to William S. Stokes, near Madison, Morgan County, Ga. Courtesy of Mrs. Daniel Hickey, Madison, Georgia, owner of the letter.

33. A. Y. Stokes, New York, July 7, 1821, to William S. Stokes, Madison, Morgan County, Ga. Ibid.

34. Elbert County Writs Superior Court, 1799-1803, pp. 416-18; Elbert County Deed Record, D, 31; G, 24; H, 27, 52; K, 43, 84.

35. For information on the Watkins families, see Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 10, 215, 238-57, 476-80, 492-503, 506, 509-11; Augusta Chronicle, March 11 (3, 2), 1797; August 16 (supplement, 2, 1), 1800; December 14 (3, 2), 1805; Elbert County Deed Record, E, 76; G, 129. For the will of James Watkins, II, see Elbert County Will Book, M, 334. This will was published in Habersham Historical Collections, II, 297-98. The will of John Watkins may be found, ibid., 299-301.

36. Gilmer, Georgians, 137-38.

37. Augusta Chronicle, July 31 (3, 1), 1802.

38. W. H. Sparks, The Memories of Fifty Years: Containing Brief Biographical Notices of Distinguished Americans, and Anecdotes of Remarkable Men; Intersperced with Scenes and Incidents Occurring during a Long Life of Observation, Chiefly Spent in the Southwest (Philadelphia, 1872), 118; Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 255.

39. Letter dated February 25, 1803 in Larkin Newby Collection in Duke University Library. For a life of Walker, see Hugh C. Bailey, John Williams Walker . . . (University, Ala., 1964).

40. Elbert County Deed Record, J, 170.

41. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, June 15 (1, 1), 1805.

42. Athens Foreign Correspondent & Georgia Express, September 29 (3, 2) ; October 6 (3, 1), 1810.

43. Sherwood, Gazetteer of Georgia (1837 edition), 258; ibid. (1829 edition), 183; Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 434-43; Gilmer, Georgians, 107-11, 252; Davidson, comp., Historical Collections, III, 214; Augusta Chronicle, February 19 (3, 2), 1803; Albert James Pickett, History of Alabama, and Incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, from the Earliest Period (2 vols. Third edition. Charleston, 1851), II, 374-75, 444; White, Statistics of Georgia, 266; Elbert County Deed Record, J, 170-71; “Letters 1798-1819,” in John Williams Walker Papers.

44. Augusta Chronicle, December 2 (2, 4), 1818; Alma Cole Tompkins, Charles Tait (Alabama Polytechnic Institute Historical Papers, 4th Series, 1910), 1-3, 27; Charles and James A. Tait Collection, in Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery; Davidson, comp., Historical Collections, III, 10.

45. Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 298, 493; Augusta Chronicle, September 12 (4, 2), 1789; Elbert County Deed Record, C, 30; Davidson, comp., Historical Collections, III, 5, 153.

46. Elbert County Will Book, 1803-1806, pp. 56, 117-33; Augusta Chronicle, August 20 (3, 4), 1803.

47. Augusta Chronicle, May 7 (3, 3), 1803.

48. Pickett, Alabama, II, 402-406.

49. Hitz “Earliest Settlements in Wilkes County,” 276; “Memoirs of the Early Life and Times of Judge Junius Hillyer [1807-1886]” (being a typescript in the University of Georgia Library), 1.

50. “Hillyer Memoir,” 34-35. For an obituary of John Freeman, see Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, May 20, 1806. This citation is from the “Hillyer Memoir,” which gives the text of the obituary.

51. Candler, comp., Revolutionary Records of Georgia, II, 702, 712, 722.

52. She was the daughter “of the late venerable and patriotic Gen. Elijah Clark.” Augusta Chronicle, December 31 (3, 4), 1813.

53. Augusta Mirror of the Times, April 24 (4, 4), 1813.

CHAPTER V

1. David Ramsay, The History of South-Carolina, from its First Settlement in 1670 to the Year 1808 (2 vols. Charleston, 1809), II, 579; Sherwood, Gazetteer of Georgia (1827 edition), 125-26.

2. Augusta Chronicle, January 12 (2, 3), 1793.

3. Allen D. Candler, comp., The Colonial Records of the State of Georgia (26 vols. with XX never published. Atlanta, 1904-1916), XIX, Pt. II (1911), 534-40; Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, p. 334.

4. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, p. 347.

5. Augusta Chronicle, August 7 (3, 2), 1790.

6. Thomas Cooper, comp., The Statutes at Large of South Carolina (Columbia, 1839), 179.

7. Ibid., 264.

8. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, pp. 597-98.

9. Horatio Marbury and William H. Crawford, comps., Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia . . . 1755 to 1800, Inclusive. . . . (Savannah, 1802), 371-74; Charles C. Jones, Jr. and Salem Dutcher, Memorial History of Augusta, Georgia. . . . (Syracuse, 1890), 446; Savannah Georgia Gazette, February 28 (3, 3), 1799.

10. Augustin Smith Clayton, comp., A Compilation of the Laws of the State of Georgia . . . 1800 to the Year 1810, Inclusive . . . (Augusta, 1812), 80-81.

11. Ibid., 80, 564-65.

12. Lucius Q. C. Lamar, comp., A Compilation of the Laws of the State of Georgia, . . . since . . . 1810 to . . . 1819, Inclusive . . . (Augusta, 1821), 488-90.

13. Ibid., 506.

14. Ibid., 490-92.

15. Augusta Chronicle, April 26 (3, 3), 1816. Praising the speed of the Enterprise, an editorial in the Augusta Herald, April 4 (3, 2), 1817 said that it left Savannah on Monday at 8 a. m., with two fully laden freight boats in tow, “rested, as is their practice on the Lord’s day, and arrived here on Tuesday, about noon; no instance is recalled of a loaded boat having made a passage in so short a time.” By these calculations it took seven and a half days for this up-river trip.

16. Oliver H. Prince, comp., A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia . . . to Dec. 1837 (2nd edition. Athens, 1837), 297; Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, pp. 510-12.

17. Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, p. 498. This law carried also an appropriation of $10,000 for the Oconee River.

18. Augusta Chronicle, June 28 (3, 1-2), 1816.

19. Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, pp. 513-15. This law did not specifically state that the northern point was Panther Creek, but this intent was brought out in the act of December 18, 1818. Ibid., 515-16.

20. Augusta Chronicle, May 23 (3, 2), May 30 (2, 3), 1818.

21. Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, pp. 515-16.

22. Ibid., 521-23.

23. Ibid., 1232-33.

24. Jones and Dutcher, Memorial History of Augusta, 449; H. Niles, ed., Niles’ Weekly Register . . . (Baltimore), XIX (1820-1821), 215.

25. Thomas Cooper, comp., The Statutes at Large of South Carolina (Columbia, 1836), I, 422-24; David McCord, comp., ibid., VI, 269; Jones and Dutcher, Memorial History of Augusta, 449-51, 52.

26. Jones and Dutcher, Memorial History of Augusta, 452.

27. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, A History of Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt to 1860 (New York, 1908), 103; Fletcher M. Green, “Georgia’s Board of Public Works, 1817-1826,” in Georgia Historical Quarterly, XXI (1938), 117-37.

28. Acts of the State of Georgia, 1845 (Columbus, 1846), 203.

29. Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, . . . Annual Session in November and December, 1859 (Milledgeville, 1860), 333-35.

30. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, p. 609.

31. Ibid., 679.

32. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, pp. 461-62.

33. Ibid., 547-48.

34. Marbury and Crawford, comps., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1800, p. 376.

35. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, pp. 648-50.

36. Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, p. 485.

37. Ibid., 501-503.

38. Ibid., 494-98.

39. Ibid., 513-15.

40. William C. Dawson, comp., A Compilation of the Laws of the State of Georgia, . . . Since the Year 1819 to the Year 1829, Inclusive . . . (Milledgeville, 1831), 45 (Resolutions).

41. Ibid., 359.

42. Ibid., 354.

43. Ibid., 353, 355; Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia . . . November and December, 1834 (Milledgeville, 1835), 190-91; ibid., 1837 (Milledgeville, 1838), 233-34; ibid 1842 (Milledgeville, 1843), 143; ibid., 1847 (Milledgeville, 1848), 274-75. In 1891 the Superior Court of Oglethorpe County granted a charter to Emory Cason to set up a line of boats on Broad River, but it seems that his company never acted on it. Oglethorpe Echo, May 15 (5, 4), December 4 (5, 6), 1891; March 11 (1, 2), 1892.

44. Augusta Chronicle, December 11 (2, 3), 1790; December 29 (3, 2), 1792; February 9 (1, 4), 1799; January 17 (3, 3), 1801.

45. Ibid., December 26 (1, 3), 1801.

46. Ibid., July 29 (3, 2), 1797.

47. George Sibbald, Notes and Observations on the Pine Lands of Georgia, Shewing the Advantages they Possess, Particularly in the Culture of Cotton . . . (Augusta, 1801), 53; J. Hillyer, “Memoirs,” 147; White, Statistics of Georgia, 228; Jones and Dutcher, Memorial History of Augusta, 145, 465.

48. Augusta Herald, January 14 (3, 1), 1817.

49. Letter Book of Shaler Hillyer, 1805-1820 (MS in University of Georgia Library), February 19, 1813.

50. Ibid., 1808.

51. Ibid., November 27, 1806, also passim.

52. Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, pp. 112-13, 114-15.

53. J. Hillyer, “Memoirs,” 148.

54. Augusta Chronicle, July 19 (2, 2 in supplementary sheet), 1794.

55. Ibid., December 31 (4, 1), 1808. See also Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia . . . Annual Session in November and December, 1840 (Milledgeville, 1841), 219.

56. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, pp. 200-202.

57. Sherwood, Gazetteer of Georgia (1837 edition), 60.

58. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, p. 499.

59. Ibid., 505-11.

60. Copy in Keith-Jones Collection (in possession of present writer).

61. Milledgeville Georgia Journal, September 30 (2, 3), 1823.

62. Ibid.

63. Jeannette Mirsky and Allan Nevins, The World of Eli Whitney (New York, 1952), 155.

64. William Few, “Autobiography of Col. William Few of Georgia,” in John Austin Stevens, ed., The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries (New York and Chicago), VII (November, 1881), 343.

65. Elsa G. Allen, “John Abbot, Pioneer Naturalist of Georgia,” in Georgia Historical Quarterly, XLI (March, 1957), 153-54.

66. Augusta Mirror of the Times, May 20 (4, 5), 1811.

67. Milledgeville Georgia Journal, May 17 (3, 2), 1815.

68. F. A. Michaux, Travels to the Westward of the Alleghany Mountains in the States of the Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and Return to Charlestown, through the Upper Carolinas . . . (London, 1805), 338.

69. Milledgeville Georgia Journal, January 14, 1823.

70. Garnett Andrews, Reminiscences of an Old Georgia Lawyer (Atlanta, 1870), 14.

71. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, December 9, 1812.

72. J. W. Walker, Augusta, December 30, 1813 to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection, Duke University.

73. Augusta Herald, December 19 (3, 1), 1817.

74. Drayton, View of South-Carolina, 141.

75. J. Hillyer, “Memoirs,” 202.

76. Paschal, Agnes Paschal, 113.

77. John Lambert, Travels throug Canada and the United States of North America, in the Years 1806, 1807, & 1808 . . . (2 vols. 2nd edition. London, 1814), II, 289.

78. McCord, comp., Statutes at Large of South Carolina, IX, 284-85.

79. Wilkes County Deed Record, DD, 1783. See also Davidson, comp., Historical Records, III, 197.

80. McCord, comp., Statutes at Large of South Carolina, IX, 351.

81. Ibid., 490, 492, 496. See also Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, pp. 307, 313-14.

82. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, p. 527.

83. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, p. 500.

84. Ibid., 603.

85. Ibid., 666.

86. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, p. 460.

CHAPTER VI

1. Drayton, View of South-Carolina, 33.

2. Clark et al., eds., Asbury Journal, II, 80. An earlier edition of Asbury’s journal is Journal of the Rev. Francis Asbury, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, from Augusta 7, 1771, to December 7, 1815 (3 vols. New York, 1821), II, 246.

3. Augusta Chronicle, January 23 (3, 2), 1796. For comments on the flood of 1793, see ibid., March 16 (3, 1), 1793.

4. A. Atlanta Constitution (“The Great Southern Weekly”), August 21 (1, 1), 1888. The same news story by “T. L. G.” (T. Larry Gantt) appeared in Oglethorpe Echo, September 17 (1, 4), 1888.

5. John W. Walker, May 20, 1803 to Larkin Newby, in Larkin Newby Collection; Habersham Historical Collections, II, 231.

6. Clark et al., eds., Asbury Journal, II, 312; ibid. (old edition), III, 41-42.

7. Sibbald, Pine Lands of Georgia, 62-63.

8. McIntosh, Elbert County, 37, 39.

9. Charles C. Jones, Jr., The Dead Towns of Georgia (in Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, 1878), IV, 237.

10. Aggregate Amount of Each Description of Persons within the United States of America, and Territories thereof, Agreeable to Actual Enumeration Made According to Law in the Year 1810 (Book I of the Third Census), 80a; Augusta Chronicle, January 12 (3, 1), March 15 (3, 2), 1811.

11. Augusta Chronicle, March 15, 1811; The Statistics of the Population of the United States . . . From the Original Returns of the Ninth Census (June 1, 1870) . . . (Washington, 1872), I, 20.

12. Elbert County Minutes of the Inferior Court, 1791-1801, p. 42.

13. Ibid., 78.

14. Elbert County Superior Court Records, 1790-1800, p. 141.

15. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, p. 92.

16. John W. Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), June 23, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

17. Augusta Chronicle, June 11 (3, 4), 1803.

18. John W. Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), June 23, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

19. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, pp. 42-46, 86-87.

20. Ibid., 182.

21. Elbert County Deed Record, L, 76.

22. Ibid., W, 39; X, 228.

23. Dawson, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1820-1829, pp. 478-79.

24. McIntosh, Elbert County, 39-40.

25. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, December 14 (2, 4), 1805.

26. Ibid., June 15 (3, 2), 1805.

27. Ibid., December 7 (3, 2), 1805.

28. Ibid., June 5 (3, 1-2), 1806.

29. Ibid., July 31 (2, 4), 1806.

30. Augusta Chronicle, October 31 (2, 3), 1807.

31. John W. Walker, Petersburg, February 25, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

32. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, December 3, 1808 to Oliver Whyte.

33. Archibald Stokes, Petersburg, June 17, 1818, to Wm. S. Stokes, Oglethorpe County, in Mrs. Daniel Hickey Collection.

34. White, Statistics of Georgia, 229.

35. John W. Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), June 20, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

36. Augusta Chronicle, April 10 (3, 5), 1812.

37. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, July 4, 1807 to Lawrence Vansenderere & Co.; ibid., July 2, 1807.

38. Ibid., July 15, 1807.

39. Augusta Chronicle, March 26 (3, 1), 1803.

40. Ibid., September 26 (3, 4), 1801.

41. Ibid., June 6 (3, 4), 1801.

42. Ibid., July 23 (3, 4), 1803.

43. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, November 23 (3, 3), 1805.

44. Augusta Chronicle, August (4, 5), 1818.

45. Ibid., September 12 (4, 2), 1789.

46. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, November 30 (3, 1), 1805.

47. Ibid., January 2 (3, 1), 1806.

48. This notice appeared in the Augusta Chronicle, January 7 (3, 3), 1809: “DIED, at Petersburg, on the 4th Dec. Mr. William Pope, in two days after his arrival from the Western Country.”

49. Ibid., October 15 (3, 3), 1813. See also ibid., January 10 (3, 3), 1807; December 18 (3, 3), 1812.

50. John W. Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), July 22, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection. See also Augusta Chronicle, July 23 (3, 3), 1803.

CHAPTER VII

1. Niles wrote of the Troup and Clark parties in 1831, “We know not what they differ about—but they do violently differ.” Niles’ Register, XLI (1831-1832), 150.

2. John W. Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), August 12, 1803 to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

3. Same to same, July 28, 1803.

4. There has been some dispute as to how Elijah spelled his family name, whether Clarke or Clark; but the generally accepted way is the former. John, his son, who gave his name to the party, spelled it Clark.

5. Miller, Bench and Bar of Georgia, I, 34.

6. Augusta Chronicle, June 26 (2, 1-3) ; July 3 (2, 1-2), 1802; Thomas Gamble, Savannah Duels and Duellists, 1733-1877 (Savannah, 1923), 45-49.

7. Cook himself was a lawyer and loved the profession. Garnett Andrews, writing in 1870 said of Cook: “When I first visited Elbert court—some 45 years since—I saw an old gentleman, hardly decently clad, come to the court-house door in his carriage. A servant carried his split-bottomed chair and pillow inside the bar, then helped his master in, who—by permission of the Judge—with cotton night-cap and broad-brimmed hat on and papers in hand, took his seat. This was ‘old George Cook,’ a lawyer who clung to the profession with such tenacity that he continued to practice under such difficulties. Not able to stand, or hardly speak intelligently, he would get some of the young lawyers to do it for him, after giving them the points.” Reminiscences, 60.

8. Augusta Chronicle, May 29 (3, 2), 1802.

9. Ibid., June 12 (4, 2-4), 1802.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid., July 3, (4, 1), 1802.

12. Ibid., July 31 (4, 2-4), 1802; Savannah Georgian, December 3 (2, 2), 1822.

13. Ibid.

14. Augusta Chronicle, August 7, (3, 3), 1802.

15. Andrews, Reminiscences, 59.

16. Savannah Georgian, December 3 (2, 2), 1822. For several accounts of the duel see Gilmer, Georgians, 125-26; George R. Gilmer, The Literary Progress of Georgia . . . (Athens, 1851), 20; J. E. D. Shipp, Giant Days or the Life and Times of William H. Crawford (Americus, Ga., 1909), 48-49; Knight, Landmarks, II, 16; Sparks, Memories of Fifty Years, 40; Jones and Dutcher, Memorial History of Augusta, 226-27.

17. Lollie Bell Wylie, ed., Memoirs of Judge Richard H. Clark (Atlanta, 1898), 219.

18. Wilkes County Records of Wills, 1806-1808, pp. 66-67; Wilkes County Appraisments, Sales, LL (1806-1807), pp. 27-28. See also Davidson, comp., Historical Records, I, 71, 307, 333.

19. Sparks, Memories of Fifty Years, 76.

20. Augusta Chronicle, June 12 (4, 2), 1802.

21. Ibid.

22. Sparks, Memories of Fifty Years, 76.

23. Augusta Chronicle, September 18 (1, 2-4), 1802.

24. Ibid.

25. Miller, Bench and Bar of Georgia, I, 336; Moffat, Tait (Ph. D. Dissertation), 13. For an extended account of this affair, see E. Merton Coulter, “A Famous Duel that was Never Fought,” in Georgia Historical Quarterly, XLIII (1959), 365-77.

26. John Clark, Considerations on the Purity of the Principles of William H. Crawford, Esq. . . . (Augusta, 1819), 42-49; Shipp, Giant Days, 49-65; Knight, Landmarks, II, 18.

27. Clark, Considerations on Crawford, 100, 101; Shipp, Giant Days, 69-75.

28. Augusta Herald, August 20 (3, 1), 1800.

29. Augusta Chronicle, August 28 (1, 3), 1802.

30. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, p. 529.

31. Augusta Chronicle, August 1 (3, 2), 1807.

32. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, July 15, 1807.

33. Augusta Chronicle, July 31 (2, 1), 1812.

34. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, August 8, 1813.

35. S. Hillyer, July 21, 1813, to Potts & McKinnie, in Letter Book.

CHAPTER VIII

1. Morse, American Geography, 447.

2. Drayton, View of South-Carolina, 135-36.

3. Candler, comp., Colonial Records of Georgia, XIX, Pt. I, 204-208.

4. Ibid., Pt. II, 380-94.

5. Act for the Inspection of Tobacco, February 10, 1787 (separate leaflet).

6. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, pp. 444-53.

7 Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860 (2 vols. Washington, 1933), I, 218.

8. Prince, comp., Digest of the Laws of Georgia to 1837, p. 825.

9. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, pp. 340, 683.

10. Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, . . . 1841 (Milledgeville, 1842), 199; ibid., 1842 (Milledgeville, 1843), 176-77; Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, pp. 531, 683; Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia . . . 1799 (Augusta, 1800), 6-7; Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, pp. 121, 216. As late as 1860 small patches of tobacco were being cultivated in upper Georgia. Adiel Sherwood, A Gazetteer of Georgia . . . (4th edition. Macon, 1860), 19.

11. Thomas Cooper, comp., Statutes at Large of South Carolina (Columbia, 1838), IV, 327-31, 604-607, 681-87, 749-50.

12. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, pp. 240-42; Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, pp. 334-35.

13. Elbert County Minutes of the Inferior Court, 1791-1801, pp. 9, 34, 57; Gilmer, Georgians, 129.

14. Elbert County Deed Records, A, 76; F, 50; H, 6, 22; J, 64; Elbert County Writs of the Superior Court, 1799-1803, p. 369; Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, p. 658.

15. Elbert County Superior Court Records, 1790-1800, p. 142.

16. Elbert County Records of the Inferior Court, 1804-1806, pp. 47-49.

17. Augusta Chronicle, May 11 (1, 1), 1799.

18. Ibid., November 21 (3, 2), 1801.

19. Ibid., February 9 (3, 2), 1816.

20. Gray, Agriculture in the Southern United States, II, 606.

21. Augusta Chronicle, December 26 (3, 2), 1789.

22. Ibid., November 18 (3, 4), 1797.

23. Petersburg Store Account Book, 1799, p. 127.

24. E. White, Savannah, June 6, 1786 to Dionysius Oliver, Petersburg, in Oliver MSS Collection.

25. Augusta Georgia State Gazette or Independent Register, November 25 (3, 2), 1786; February 10 (4, 1), November 24 (3, 3), 1787.

26. Elbert County Writs of Superior Court, 1799-1803, p. 369; Augusta Chronicle, February 5 (1, 2), 1791.

27. Davidson, comp., Historical Collections, III, 193; Elbert County Deed Record, C, 137.

28. Candler, comp., Colonial Records of Georgia, XIX, Pt. II, 500.

29. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, May 10, 1808.

30. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, January 2 (3, 3), 1806.

31. Augusta Chronicle, November 9 (1, 3), 1805.

32. Ibid., June 20 (3, 3), 1801; February 7 (1, 3), 1807.

33. Elbert County Writs of the Superior Court, 1799-1803, p. 212.

34. Quotations were given regularly in the Augusta Chronicle.

35. Quotations may be found in both the Augusta Herald and the Augusta Chronicle.

36. Augusta Georgia State Gazette, May 31 (1, 1), 1788.

37. Whitemarsh B. Seabrook, “Memoir on the Cotton Plant,” in Proceedings of the State Agricultural Society of South Carolina from 1839 to 1846, pp. 140, 141.

38. Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 57, 59.

39. Ibid., 67.

40. Constance McL. Green, Eli Whitney and the Birth of American Technology (Boston, 1956), 91; Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 67, 68, 76, 93, 124.

41. Augusta Chronicle, March 15 (3, 3), 1794.

42. Green, Eli Whitney, 68, 69.

43. Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 89-101.

44. Hugh N. Starnes, “The Cotton-Gin; its invention and Effects,” in The Southern Bivouac: A Monthly Literary and Historical Magazine (edited by Basil W. Duke and R. W. Knott), New Series, Vol. I (1885-1886), 390, 392; Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 253-54, 390, 510; Habersham Historical Collections, II, 634-37.

45. Augusta Chronicle, July 30 (1, 3), 1796.

46. Ibid., October 1 (2, 3), 1796.

47. Ibid., December 24 (3, 4), 1796.

48. Ibid., December 31 (3, 1), 1796.

49. Ibid., February 11 (3, 1), 1797.

50. Ibid., July 22 (2, 4), 1797.

51. Ibid., February 25 (4, 2), June 10 (2, 4), 1797.

52. D. A. Tompkins, Cotton and Cotton Oil . . . (Charlotte, N. C., 1901), 9, 28; Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 113.

53. Tomkins, Cotton, 26; Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 113.

54. Augusta Chronicle, December 10 (1, 3), 1796.

55. Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 161 n.

56. Seabrook, “Memoir,” 127; John Donald Wade, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (New York, 1924), 10; Jones and Dutcher, Memorial History of Augusta, 163, 388; Green, Eli Whitney, 75; Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 111.

57. Tomkins, Cotton, 24.

58. Green, Eli Whitney, 73; Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 107.

59. Denison Olmsted, Memoir of Eli Whitney, Esq. (New Haven, 1846), 32.

60. Ibid., 20, 27, 41, 42, 44; Green, Eli Whitney, 89; Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 115.

61. Augusta Chronicle, February 19 (2, 4), 1803.

62. Miller and Whitney vs. Jesse Bull, United States District Court, 1800; Miller and Whitney vs. Daniel W. Easly, 1801, United States Fifth Circuit Court. The records of these suits and others are in Court Records in the United States District Court and also in the Circuit Court, of Suits Brought by Miller and Whitney, in the Federal Records Center in East Point, Georgia.

63. Tomkins, Cotton, 475.

64. Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 174.

65. Augusta Chronicle, February 16 (3, 2), 1793.

66. Ibid., February 16 (3, 3), 1793.

67. Ibid., December 13 (3, 2), 1806.

68. Augusta Georgia State Gazette, September 13 (3, 3), 1788.

69. Ibid., May 31 (1, 1), 1788.

70. Augusta Chronicle, August 20 (3, 1), 1803; October 4 (3, 2), 1806.

71. Olmsted, Eli Whitney, 40-41.

72. Pendleton Farmers’ Society (Atlanta, 1908), 96.

73. Starnes, “Cotton-Gin,” 392.

74. An Act for the Inspection of Cotton, February 21, 1796 (a separate leaflet in the De Renne Collection).

75. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, p. 616.

76. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, pp. 346-47.

77. Ibid., 135-36.

78. Jones and Dutcher, Memorial History of Augusta, 388.

79. Augusta Herald, July 16 (3, 2), 1800.

80. Georgia and South Carolina Almanac . . . 1808 . . . (Augusta, no date), no page numbers.

81. Seabrook, “Memoir,” 155.

82. Mirsky and Nevins, Eli Whitney, 100.

83. J. Hillyer, “Memoirs,” 147; S. Hillyer, Letter Book, December 1, 1806.

84. John W. Walker Papers, Folder, “Letters 1798-1819,” February 5, 1803.

85. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, 1807-1808, passim.

86. Ibid., March, 1809.

87. Ibid., May, June, 1809.

88. Ibid., May 24, 1812.

89. Augusta Chronicle, June 30 (3, 1), 1815.

90. Ibid., September 22 (3, 3), 1815.

91. S. Hillyer Letter Book, July 27, 1816.

92. Ibid., October 28, 1819.

93. Seabrook, “Memoir,” 155.

94. Z. B. Rogers, “First Tobacco Warehouse, First Cotton Mill. Petersburg’s Claim to Past Glory Uncovered; Once had 2 Senators,” in Atlanta Constitution, March 31 (section 2-B), 1946.

95. White, Statistics of Georgia, 228. The legislature in 1810 incorporated the Wilkes Manufacturing Company “for the purpose of manufacturing cotton and woolen goods.” Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, pp. 667-68.

96. Augusta Georgia State Gazette, January 20 (3, 1), 1787.

97. Ibid., May 10 (1, 1-3), 1788.

98. J. Hillyer, “Memoir,” 92; Moffat, Tait (Ph. D. Dissertation), 26.

99. Augusta Chronicle, December 10 (Supplement, 1, 2), 1791; December 5 (3, 1), 1789.

100. Ibid., July 25 (3, 2), 1807.

101. The Augusta Chronicle regularly listed the price of corn.

102. Ibid., April 4, 1807.

103. Elbert County Deed Records, D, 118.

104. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, July 18 (3, 4), 1805.

105. Ibid., October 5 (3, 3), 1805.

106. Ibid., January 23 (3, 3), January 30 (3, 4), 1806.

107. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, May 22, 1819.

108. Columbian Museum and Savannah Advertiser, June 22 (2, 1), 1803; Augusta Chronicle, June 11 (3, 3), 1803.

109. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, January 23 (3, 3), 1806.

110. Augusta Chronicle, May 24 (3, 6), 1816.

111. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, July 24 (4, 4), 1806; Augusta Chronicle, May 11 (3, 4), 1799; October 25 (3, 3), 1800.

112. Elbert County Deed Record, G, 91.

113. Davidson, comp., Historical Collections, III, 25.

CHAPTER IX

1. Elbert County Deed Record, E, 91; G, 48; Augusta Herald, February 19 (2, 2), 1800; Oglethorpe Echo, December 11 (3, 3), 1925; Oliver Whyte, New York, November 29, 1798, to “Dr. Larkin [Newby?],” Petersburg, in Larkin Newby Collection.

2. Elbert County Deed Record, H, 22.

3. Ibid., G, 49, 89.

4. Augusta Herald, May 14 (1, 4), 1800.

5. Augusta Chronicle, October 8 (1, 1), 1803.

6. Elbert County Deed Record, G, 89.

7. Augusta Chronicle, May 2 (3, 4), 1801.

8. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, July 24 (3, 3), 1806.

9. Ibid., August 15 (3, 4), 1805.

10. Augusta Chronicle, February 27 (3, 4), 1808.

11. Ibid., May 28 (3, 2), 1813.

12. Elbert County Deed Record, A, 10, 60; F, 30; H, 34, 63, 153; K, 126.

13. Clark et al., eds., Asbury Journal, I, 367; II, 458.

14. Ibid., I, 367 n.

15. Ibid., I, 669 n.

16. Augusta Chronicle, January 18 (3, 2), 1794. Forsyth was highly respected in Augusta, and his death called forth two long poems of mourning and appreciation.

He was buried in St. Pauls Churchyard in Augusta, where a great marble slab covered a well-kept grave, even into the twentieth century.

17. Clark et al., eds., Asbury Journal, II, 4-5.

18. Augusta Chronicle, March 1 (3, 2), 1794.

19. Ibid., June 21 (3, 2), 1794.

20. White, Statistics of Georgia, 231-33; George G. Smith, History of Georgia Methodism from 1786 to 1866 (Atlanta, 1913), 31; William Bailey Williford, Williford and Allied Families (Atlanta, 1961), 27-28; Bowen, Wilkes County, 118-19.

21. Oliver Whyte, Petersburg, Georgia, November 27, 1804, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, North Carolina, in Larkin Newby Collection.

22. Elbert County Deed Record, U, 117. In the course of time there was no end to the glamour that was heaped on Petersburg. In 1888 an old lady remembered the time when the town had 33 stores, evidently an extreme exaggeration. Oglethorpe Echo, September 14 (1, 5), 1888.

23. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1775-1799, p. 660.

24. Ibid., 539.

25. J. Hillyer, “Memoirs,” 70-71, 259.

26. Ibid., 73; S. Hillyer, Letter Book, December 16, 1806.

27. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, June 15 (1, 1), 1805.

28. Ibid., November 23 (3, 2), 1805.

29. J. Hillyer, “Memoir,” 73.

30. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, September 24, November 27, 1806, March 16, 1816.

31. For instance, ibid., June 11, 1811. In 1812 Whyte married Mrs. Elizabeth Grafton near Boston. Augusta Chronicle, February 14 (3, 3), 1812.

32. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, November (first page of letter torn away), 1806.

33. Ibid., February 10, 1807. Hillyer never forgot his kindred back in Connecticut. He and his wife Rebecca visited there at least once, and in 1807 he sent his father a draft for $300, merely “a mite in Conn.” but “my mite to soften the Pillow of an aged Parent.” Letter Book, May (no number), 1807; Shaler Hillyer Collection (Microfilm Box 21, Reel 17, Department of Archives and History, Atlanta).

34. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, July 15, 1807.

35. J. Hillyer, “Memoirs,” 79.

36. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, March (no number), 1808.

37. Ibid., June 19, 1807; May 10, 1808; February 9, 1809; Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, January 30 (3, 2), 1806.

38. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, August 23, 1809.

39. Augusta Mirror of Times, May 7 (2, 2-3); 3, 1), 1810.

40. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, February 14, 1810.

41. Ibid., June 19, 1807; April 12, 1812; June 6, 1813.

42. Ibid., February 8, 1813.

43. Ibid., April 12, August 15, 1813.

44. Ibid., April 12, July 21, 1813; Shaler Hillyer Collection (Microfilm Box 21, Reel 17).

45. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, p. 458. See text in this book relative to note 33, Chapter V.

46. See text in this book relative to note 36, Chapter V.

47. Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, p. 501. See text in this book relative to note 37, Chapter V.

48. Shaler Hillyer Collection (Microfilm Box 21, Reel 17).

49. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, September 24, 1806.

50. A. Y. Stokes, New York, July 7, 1821 to W. S. Stokes, Madison, Georgia, in Mrs. Daniel Hickey Collection.

51. These items were obtained from Petersburg Store Account Book, 1799, and from newspaper advertisements in the Augusta Chronicle.

52. Items obtained from Day Book B, William S. Stokes Store, 1818 (in University of Georgia Library).

53. William Calhoun bought a set of “Elegant Ivory Knives and Forks” for $22.00, an “Elegant Dining Sett” for $50.00, and an “Elegant Sett Tea China” for $35.00. Patrick Calhoun bought an “Elegant Gold Watch & Appendage” for $121. Stokes Day Book B, 265.

54. A. Stokes to W. S. Stokes, June 17, 1818, in Mrs. Daniel Hickey Collection. In 1799 James Oliver, Jr., received $250.00 for clerking in a Petersburg store. Petersburg Store Account Book, 1799, p. 120.

55. See text in this chapter relative to note 9.

56. Elbert County Superior Court Minutes, fragment.

57. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, p. 426.

58. Ibid., 447-48.

59. Ibid., 533.

60. Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, pp. 33-36.

61. Ibid., 36-38.

62. Ibid., 39-41. See also ibid., 41-42.

63. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, January 19, 1808 [1809].

64. Ibid., August 23, 1809.

65. Ibid., July 12, 1810.

66. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, June 5 (3, 4), 1806.

67. Ibid., June 2 (3, 3), 1806.

68. Ibid., July 31 (3, 4), 1806.

69. Act Relating to Tolls for Grist Mills, June 26, 1786 (separate leaflet in De Renne Collection). For a reference without text, see Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, p. 321.

70. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, June 15 (1, 1), 1805.

71. Augusta Chronicle, August 26 (4, 4), 1814. Another establishment known as “The Millford Merchant-Mills” began operations on the Broad River about a mile and a half above Petersburg, in July of 1813. It was set up by Benajah Smith, who promised to manufacture “at least 60 barrels of superfine flour per day . . . [and he felt] warranted in saying, that his mills will not be inferior to any in the southern, or even in the middle states.” His mill house was fifty feet square and four stories high, but it contained five floors. When in full operation he would run “three pairs of five feet Georgia-Burr Mill-stones,” with all necessary equipment such as reels, screens, elevators, and so on. There was excellent navigation from his mill race to Augusta, which would save at least a half of the cost by wagons. “All boats coming by or to Petersburg,” said Smith, “from the upper country or elsewhere, will not have more than two and a half miles out of their way, both in going to, and returning from the mills; and a good river to navigate.” Ibid., July 9 (3, 2), 1813.

72. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, pp. 27-28.

73. Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, pp. 326-28.

74. Ibid., 329.

75. Ibid., 329-32.

76. Ibid., 332-33.

77. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, June 6, July 21, 1813.

78. See text relative to note 38 in Chapter V.

79. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, June 12, 1816.

80. Ibid., June 22, 1816; November 30, 1817; May 27, 1818.

81. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, pp. 429, 541.

82. Augusta Chronicle, June 24 (1, 3), 1797. See also ibid., March 19 (1, 2), 1808.

83. S. Hillyer, Letter Book June 11, 1807.

84. Ibid., February 5, 1813.

85. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, p. 374.

CHAPTER X

1. S. Hillyer, “Memoirs,” 64.

2. John Williams Walker, Petersburg, August 20, 1799, to Larkin Newby, Newark, S. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

3. Petersburg Store Account Book, 1799, p. 157.

4. John Williams Walker, Petersburg, April 10, 1799 to Larkin Newby, Vienna, S. C., in Larkin Newby Collection. See also Hugh C. Bailey, “The Petersburg Youth of John Williams Walker,” in Georgia Historical Quarterly, XLIII (1959), 123-37.

5. Walker to Newby, August 12, 1803, in Larkin Newby Collection.

6. Walker to Newby, November 10, 1803, in Larkin Newby Collection.

7. Walker to Newby, December 28, 1804, in Larkin Newby Collection.

8. Walker to Newby, January 4, 1805, in Larkin Newby Collection.

9. Walker to Newby, January 31, 1805, in Larkin Newby Collection.

10. Oglethorpe Echo, September 14 (1, 5), 1888.

11. Bartram, Travels, 322-23. See also White, Statistics of Georgia, 229-30; Oglethorpe Echo, August 3 (2, 2), 1888.

12. Ramsay, History of South-Carolina, II, 581.

13. Walker, Petersburg, August 20, 1799, to Newby, Newark, S. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

14. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, July 31 (3, 1), 1806.

15. Augusta Chronicle, May 11 (1, 3), 1799.

16. Shaler Hillyer Collection (Microfilm Box 21, Reel 17).

17. Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), June 20, 1803, to Newby, Fayetteville, in Larkin Newby Collection.

18. See E. Merton Coulter, “Madison Springs, Georgia Watering Place,” in Georgia Historical Quarterly, XLVII (1963).

19. Jane Kneeland, Petersburg, Ga., October 13 (1831?), to Eliza M. A. Carter, Washington, Ga., in Mrs. Mercer Sherman Collection, Albany, Georgia.

20. Kneeland to Carter, January (no day), (1831?), in Mrs. Mercer Sherman Collection.

21. Mary E. Moragne, The Neglected Thread. A Journal from the Calhoun Community, 1836-1842, edited by Delle Mullen Craven (Columbia, S. C., 1951), 151.

22. Georgia Tavern Act, August 14, 1786 (leaflet in the De Renne Collection). See also, Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, p. 345.

23. Georgia Tavern Act, February 1, 1788 (leaflet in De Renne Collection).

24. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, pp. 453-54.

25. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, p. 653.

26. Elbert County Minutes of the Inferior Court, 1791-1801, p. 16.

27. Memorandum bill in John Williams Walker Papers, “Letters, 1798-1819.”

28. Elbert County Minutes of the Inferior Court, 1791-1801, pp. 19, 63, 126.

29. Augusta Chronicle, January 20 (3, 2), 1802.

30. Athens Georgia Express, July 15 (4, 4), 1809.

31. Augusta Mirror of the Times, June 17 (1, 2), 1811.

32. Elbert County Retailers Oaths, 5. The date of this oath was January 20, 1840.

33. John Williams Walker, Petersburg, Ga., August 20, to Larkin Newby, Newark, S. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

34. S. Hillyer, Letter Book, November, 1806.

35. Augusta Chronicle, September 28 (1, 3), 1799. See also ibid., September 24 (3, 4), 1800; October 17 (1, 4), 1801.

36. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, August 7 (4, 4), 1806; Augusta Herald January 28 (2, 1), 1801; Augusta Chronicle, passim, 1803.

37. Watkins, comps., Digest of the Laws of Georgia, 1755-1799, pp. 531-32. See also ibid., 430, 455.

38. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, p. 536.

39. Augusta Chronicle, May 28 (3, 2), 1813.

40. Ibid., February 6 (3, 3), 1802.

41. Ibid., December 10 (3, 5), 1813.

42. Ibid., August 11 (3, 3), 1815.

CHAPTER XI

1. John N. Waddel, Memorials of Academic Life: Being an Historical Sketch of the Waddel Family . . . (Richmond, 1891), 25-48.

2. Augusta Chronicle, October 14 (3, 1), 1797; White, Statistics of Georgia, 193.

3. Augusta Chronicle, September 28 (3, 4), 1799.

4. Ibid., April 23 (3, 1), 1796.

5. Waddel, Memorials of Academic Life, 48.

6. Ibid., 46; Augusta Chronicle, November 13 (1, 2), 1802; John A. Chapman, History of Edgefield County from the Earliest Settlement to 1897 (Newberry, S. C., 1897), 189.

7. John Williams Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), June 20, 1803 to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

8. C. S. Cosby, Savannah, May 5, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

9. John Williams Walker, Vienna Academy, April 1, 1804, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

10. Mills, Statistics of South Carolina, 350; Waddel, Memorials of Academic Life, 46-47; Gilmer, Georgians, 239.

11. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, July 25 (3, 3), 1805; July 24 (4, 4), 1806. For quotation see Ramsay, History of South-Carolina, II, 370-71.

12. John Williams Walker, “Rural Retirement,” June 29, 1804, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

13. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, June 5 (1, 1), 1806.

14. Habersham Historical Collections, II, 358-63.

15. For instance, Stokes Petersburg Store Account Book, 1818, pp. 24, 30, 52, 60, 83, 95, 114, 272, 294, 337.

16. John Williams Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), June 20, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

17. Augusta Chronicle, July 23 (3, 3), 1803.

18. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, November 30 (3, 1), 1805.

19. Ibid., July 31 (3, 4), 1806.

20. Washington (Georgia) Monitor, February 4 (4, 2), 1809; Augusta Chronicle, January 21 (3, 3), 1809.

21. Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 495.

22. Augusta Herald, March 19 (3, 1), 1800.

23. J. Hillyer, “Memoirs,” 63, 72.

24. John Williams Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), December 2, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection. See also Bailey, “Petersburg Youth of John Williams Walker,” 126; John Williams Walker, Petersburg, May 20, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C. in Larkin Newby Collection; Gilmer, Georgians, 229; Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 422, 459.

25. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, July 24 (4, 4), 1806. See also Augusta Chronicle, October 19 (4, 3), 1805.

26. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, November 23 (3, 2), 1805.

27. Augusta Herald, June 6 (4, 4), 1805.

28. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, August 7 (4, 1-4), 1806.

29. Clayton, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1800-1810, pp. 58-59; J. Hillyer, “Memoirs,” 72. The other members of the Society, named in the act, were Memorable Walker, Oliver White (Whyte), James Sanders Walker, John A. Casey, Thomas Casey, Robert Watkins, William Jones, Albert Brux, Robert H. Watkins, Reginal N. Groves, Nicholas Pope, Andrew Green Semmes, James Coulter, and Garland T. Watkins. An example to exaggerate and romanticise the history of Petersburg is seen in the statement that “it was always believed by the people of Petersburg that Smithson got the idea of his bequest from this society organized in Petersburg.” James Smithson died in 1829, and the Smithsonian Institution was not established until 1846. See Rogers, “Petersburg’s Claims to Past Glory Uncovered,” in Atlanta Constitution, March 31 (Section 2-B), 1946.

30. Joseph and Nesta Ewan, eds., John Lyon, Nurseryman and Plant Hunter, and his Journal, 1799-1814 (Philadelphia, 1963), 25, 42.

31. Asbury said that he was first in Georgia in 1785, but his recorded journal does not substantiate this assertion. Asbury’s Journal (1815 edition, III, 361).

32. Clark et al., eds., Asbury Journal, I, 565, 567 (1815 edition, II, 29-30).

33. Ibid., I, 567.

34. Ibid., 709, fn. 22.

35. Ibid., II, 80 (1815 edition, II, 247).

36. Ibid., II, 213 (1815 edition, II, 361).

37. Ibid., II, 270-71 (1815 edition, III, 8).

38. See the paragraph in Chapter VI, of this narrative, supported by note 6.

39. Ibid., II, 312 ff. (1815 edition, III, 41-145).

40. Ibid., II, 416 (1815 edition, III, 123).

41. Ibid., II, 484 (1815 edition, III, 181).

42. Ibid., II, 523 (1815 edition, III, 211).

43. Asbury’s Journal (1815 edition), III, 212.

44. Clark et al., eds., Asbury Journal, II, 558 (1815 edition, III, 236).

45. Ibid., II, 620 (1815 edition, III, 279).

46. Ibid., II, 745 (1815 edition, III, 358).

47. Ibid., II, 765.

48. Lorenzo Dow, The Dealings of God, Man, and the Devil; as Exemplified in the Life, Experience and Travels of Lorenzo Dow . . . (2 vols. in one. Middletown, Ohio, 1849), I, 62.

49. Dow, Dealings of God, I, 74-75.

50. John Williams Walker, Petersburg, February 25, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

51. Dow, Dealings of God, 80, 81.

52. Bailey, “Petersburg Youth of John Williams Walker,” 128.

53. John Williams Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), October 27, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

54. W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American Methodist Pulpit . . . (New York, 1861), 408-14.

55. Smith, Life and Letters of Andrew, 132-37.

56. Clark et al., eds., Asbury Journal, II, 746 (1815 edition, III, 359).

57. George G. Smith, Jr., The History of Methodism in Georgia and Florida, from 1785 to 1865 (Macon, 1877), 114, 117; Sprague, Annals of American Methodist Pulpit, 408-14; Elbert County Deed Record, R, 142.

58. Petersburg Georgia & Carolina Gazette, July 25 (3, 4), 1805.

59. John Williams Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), January 6, 1804, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

60. Augusta Chronicle, November 11 (3, 4), 1809. The Augusta Herald, March 6 (4, 4), 1806 announced that it had in its possession the manuscripts of the Rev. James H. Ray sermons “together with Poems Sacred to Christianity,” which would be published if enough subscriptions could be secured. Shaler Hillyer and Moses Waddel were to act as agents in the Petersburg and Vienna region.

As another claim of Petersburg to past glory, Rogers in “Petersburg’s Claims to Past Glory Uncovered,” in Atlanta Constitution, March 31 (Section 2-B), 1946 wrote that a preacher happening through Petersburg saw a square dance going on. He scolded the dancers and made them get down on their knees and ask for forgiveness. Rogers asserted that this incident was “the only such where a dance was turned into a prayer meeting.”

CHAPTER XII

1. John Williams Walker, Petersburg, October 25, 1809, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

2. Elbert County Deed Record, P, 199. This sale need not be taken as representing the actual value of the property; for it could be reclaimed within a certain period by recompensing the purchaser.

3. Elbert County Deed Record, R, 186; W, 39.

4. Ibid., S, 84.

5. Ibid., U, 69.

6. Ibid., W, 41.

7. Ibid., X, 95.

8. Ibid., X, 129; DD, 121; EE, 531, 532.

9. Ibid., EE, 504.

10. Acts of . . . Georgia . . . 1831 (Milledgeville, 1832), 231-32.

11. Journal of the House of Representatives of . . . Georgia . . . 1849 & ’50 (Milledgeville, 1849), 394-95.

12. Lamar, comp., Compilation of the Laws of Georgia, 1811-1819, pp. 85-92.

13. Ibid., 94-102.

14. “Letter from the Postmaster General Transmitting a Statement of the Nett Amount of Postage accruing at each Office, in each State and Territory of the U. States, for the Year Ending 31st March, 1827,” in Reports and Communications Made by the Executive Departments of the Government, and Memorials, &c. to the House of Representatives during the First Session of the 20th Congress, H. R. Document 60, p. 58 (Binder’s title, State Papers), Serial Number 170.

15. John Freeman, “Poplar Grove,” July 9, 1804, to “Dear Children,” in Shaler Hillyer Collection.

16. Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 493.

17. John Williams Walker, “Hebron” (Petersburg), July 28, 1803, to Larkin Newby, Fayetteville, N. C., in Larkin Newby Collection.

18. Bailey, “Petersburg Youth of John Williams Walker,” 135-36.

19. Albert Burton Moore, History of Alabama and her People (3 vols. Chicago, 1927), I, 105; Hugh C. Bailey, “John W. Walker and the ‘Georgia Machine’ in Early Alabama Politics,” in Alabama Review, July, 1955, pp. 181-82.

20. John Williams Walker, Petersburg, May 20, 1810, to Dr. Samual Brown, Fort Adams, Miss., in John Williams Walker Papers (folder marked “Letters, Family”).

21. William H. Brantley, Banking in Alabama, 1816-1860 (1 vol. so far published. Birmingham, Privately Printed, 1961), I, 3-36, 426.

22. Quoted from New York Herald by Augusta Chronicle, September 6 (2, 4), 1817. See also Daniel Watkins (?), February 20, 1838, to William Dearing, Petersburg, in Mrs. William Ray Collection; Augusta Chronicle, September 3 (3, 5), 1817. The Petersburgers going to the Mississippi Territory (later Alabama) passed up the Federal Road through Athens, Georgia, crossing the Tennessee River where Chattanooga was later to be built and onto the road from Knoxville to the south-westward. Thomas Perkins Abernethy, The Formative Period in Alabama, 1815-1828 (Historical and Patriotic Series No. 6 of the Publications of the Alabama State Department of Archives and History. Montgomery, 1922), 17, 30.

23. Augusta Chronicle, July 19 (3, 1), 1811.

24. Quoted from the Milledgeville Georgia Journal by the Augusta Herald, February 25 (3, 1), 1817.

25. Augusta Chronicle, August 5 (3, 2), 1818.

26. Malcolm C. McMillan, Constitutional Development in Alabama, 1789-1901 . . . (Volume 37 in the James Sprunt Studies in History and Political Science. Chapel Hill, 1955), 19, 23.

27. Augusta Chronicle, May 6 (2, 1), 1818.

28. Ibid., July 26 (3, 1), 1816.

29. Ibid., October 29 (3, 2), 1817.

30. Ibid., February 25 (2, 1), 1818.

31. Ibid., September 5 (2, 3), 1820.

32. Bailey, “Petersburg Youth of John Williams Walker,” 137; Abernethy, Formative Period in Alabama, 38; Moore, History of Alabama, I, 156; McMillan, Constitutional Development in Alabama, 34; Edward Chambers Betts, Early History of Huntsville, Alabama, 1804 to 1870 (Revised edition. Montgomery, 1916), 22-23.

33. Jane Kneeland, Petersburg, January (no day, year 1831 [?]) to Eliza M. A. Carter, Washington, Ga., in Mrs. Mercer Sherman Collection.

34. A. J. Hanna, Flight into Oblivion (Richmond, 1938), 85; Weekly Atlanta Constitution, August 21 (1, 1), 1888.

35. W. H. Swallon, “Retreat of the Confederate Government from Richmond to the Gulf,” in Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries (New York), XV (January-June, 1886), 605; (George Morley Vickers, ed.,) Under Both Flags . . . (Philadelphia, 1896), 234; Pierce Butler, Judah P. Benjamin (Philadelphia, 1906), 362-63; Rembert T. Patrick, Jefferson Davis and his Cabinet (Baton Rouge, 1944).

36. War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (127 books and index. Washington, 1880-1901), Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II, 634-35.

37. Quoted from the Louisville (Ky.) Courier-Journal by the Daily Athens Banner, January 1 (1, 1), 1882. See also Weekly Atlanta Constitution, August 21 (1, 1), 1888; Habersham Historical Collections, I, 9 ff.; Otis Ashmore, “The Story of the Confederate Treasure,” in Georgia Historical Quarterly, II (September, 1918), 119-38; Otis Ashmore, “The Story of the Virginia Banks Funds,” ibid, II (December, 1918), 171-97.

38. Oglethorpe Echo, September 14 (1, 5-6), 1888.

39. Sherwood, Gazetteer of Georgia (1927 edition), 86.

40. White, Statistics of Georgia, 227.

41. Thomas Baldwin and J. Thomas, A New and Complete Gazetteer of the United States . . . (Philadelphia, 1854), 906. An amazing misstatement of fact appeared in Richard Swainson Fisher, A New and Complete Statistical Gazetteer of the United States of America . . . (New York, 1853), 668: “A thriving v. with a valuable trade, growing manufactures, and a population of 400.”

42. Waddel, Memorials of Academic Life, 47.

43. Saunders, Early Settlers of Alabama, 238.

44. Jones, Jr., Dead Towns of Georgia, 237.

45. Starnes, “The Cotton-Gin; its Invention and Effects,” 300.

46. Weekly Atlanta Constitution, August 21 (1, 1), 1888.

47. Sherwood, Gazetteer of Georgia (1827 edition), 87.

48. Weekly Atlanta Constitution, August 21 (1, 1), 1888.

49. Jones and Dutcher, Memorial History of Augusta, 255; Habersham Historical Collections, II, 231; McIntosh, Elbert County, 39.

50. Oglethorpe Echo, August 3 (2, 3), 1888. See also J. Hillyer, “Memoirs,” 63.

51. Oglethorpe Echo, June 18 (3, 6), 1875.

52. Ibid., November 15 (3, 3), 1878.

53. Ibid., May 31 (3, 5), 1878.

54. Ibid., April 26 (2, 4), 1889.

55. Ibid., June 1 (1, 1-2), 1906. The present writer visited the site of old Petersburg on July 21, 1957, before the waters had covered up the place.